NDLI: Genomic Comparison of Escherichia coli O104:H4 Isolates from 2009 and 2011 Reveals Plasmid, and Prophage Heterogeneity, Including Shiga Toxin Encoding Phage stx2

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Ahmed, Sanaa A. Awosika, Joy Baldwin, Carson Bishop-lilly, Kimberly A. Biswas, Biswajit Broomall, Stacey Chain, Patrick S. G. Chertkov, Olga Otar, Chokoshvili Coyne, Susan Davenport, Karen Detter, J. Chris Dorman, William Erkkila, Tracy H. Folster, Jason P. Frey, Kenneth G. George, Matroner Cheryl, Gleasner Henry, Matthew Hill, Karen K. Hubbard, Kyle Insalaco, Joseph Johnson, Shannon Kitzmiller, Aaron Krepps, Michael Lo, Chien-chi Luu, Truong Mcnew, Lauren A. Minogue, Timothy Munk, Christine A. Osborne, Brian Patel, Mohit Reitenga, Krista G. Rosenzweig, C. Nicole Shea, April Shen, Xiaohong Nancy, Strockbine Tarr, Cheryl Teshima, Hazuki Van Gieson, Eric Verratti, Kathleen Wolcott, Mark Xie, Gary Sozhamannan, Shanmuga Gibbons, Henry S.
Editor	Ibekwe, A. Mark
Copyright Year	2012
Abstract	In May of 2011, an enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain that had acquired a Shiga toxin 2-converting phage caused a large outbreak of bloody diarrhea in Europe which was notable for its high prevalence of hemolytic uremic syndrome cases. Several studies have described the genomic inventory and phylogenies of strains associated with the outbreak and a collection of historical E. coli O104:H4 isolates using draft genome assemblies. We present the complete, closed genome sequences of an isolate from the 2011 outbreak (2011C–3493) and two isolates from cases of bloody diarrhea that occurred in the Republic of Georgia in 2009 (2009EL–2050 and 2009EL–2071). Comparative genome analysis indicates that, while the Georgian strains are the nearest neighbors to the 2011 outbreak isolates sequenced to date, structural and nucleotide-level differences are evident in the Stx2 phage genomes, the mer/tet antibiotic resistance island, and in the prophage and plasmid profiles of the strains, including a previously undescribed plasmid with homology to the pMT virulence plasmid of Yersinia pestis. In addition, multiphenotype analysis showed that 2009EL–2071 possessed higher resistance to polymyxin and membrane-disrupting agents. Finally, we show evidence by electron microscopy of the presence of a common phage morphotype among the European and Georgian strains and a second phage morphotype among the Georgian strains. The presence of at least two stx2 phage genotypes in host genetic backgrounds that may derive from a recent common ancestor of the 2011 outbreak isolates indicates that the emergence of stx2 phage-containing E. coli O104:H4 strains probably occurred more than once, or that the current outbreak isolates may be the result of a recent transfer of a new stx2 phage element into a pre-existing stx2-positive genetic background.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048228
Starting Page	48228
File Format	PDF
ISSN	19326203
e-ISSN	19326203
Journal	PLoS ONE
Issue Number	11
Volume Number	7
Language	English
Publisher	Public Library of Science
Publisher Date	2012-11-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	Public Library of Science
Subject Keyword	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all) Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all) Medicine(all) Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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