NDLI: A small pool of vesicles maintains synaptic activity in vivo

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Denker, Annette Bethani, Ioanna Kröhnert, Katharina Körber, Christoph Horstmann, Heinz Wilhelm, Benjamin G. Barysch, Sina V. Thomas, Kuner Neher, Erwin Rizzoli, Silvio O.
Abstract	Chemical synapses contain substantial numbers of neurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles, ranging from approximately 100 to many thousands. The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release neurotransmitter and are subsequently reformed and recycled. Stimulation of synapses in vitro generally causes the majority of the synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter, leading to the assumption that synapses contain numerous vesicles to sustain transmission during high activity. We tested this assumption by an approach we termed cellular ethology, monitoring vesicle function in behaving animals (10 animal models, nematodes to mammals). Using FM dye photooxidation, pHluorin imaging, and HRP uptake we found that only approximately 1–5% of the vesicles recycled over several hours, in both CNS synapses and neuromuscular junctions. These vesicles recycle repeatedly, intermixing slowly (over hours) with the reserve vesicles. The latter can eventually release when recycling is inhibited in vivo but do not seem to participate under normal activity. Vesicle recycling increased only to ≈5% in animals subjected to an extreme stress situation (frog predation on locusts). Synapsin, a molecule binding both vesicles and the cytoskeleton, may be a marker for the reserve vesicles: the proportion of vesicles recycling in vivo increased to 30% in synapsin-null Drosophila. We conclude that synapses do not require numerous reserve vesicles to sustain neurotransmitter release and thus may use them for other purposes, examined in the accompanying paper.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112688108
Ending Page	17182
Page Count	6
Starting Page	17177
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00278424
e-ISSN	10916490
Journal	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Issue Number	41
Volume Number	108
Language	English
Publisher	National Academy of Sciences
Publisher Date	2011-10-11
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	National Academy of Sciences
Subject Keyword	General Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
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3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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A small pool of vesicles maintains synaptic activity in vivo.

Readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles measured at single synaptic contacts

VAMP4 directs synaptic vesicles to a pool that selectively maintains asynchronous neurotransmission

The reserve pool of synaptic vesicles acts as a buffer for proteins involved in synaptic vesicle recycling

Actin-dependent rapid recruitment of reluctant synaptic vesicles into a fast-releasing vesicle pool

Superpriming of synaptic vesicles after their recruitment to the readily releasable pool

Delayed reentry of recycling vesicles into the fusion-competent synaptic vesicle pool in synaptojanin 1 knockout mice

Botulinum neurotoxin type-A enters a non-recycling pool of synaptic vesicles

Correction: Long-Term Culture of Astrocytes Attenuates the Readily Releasable Pool of Synaptic Vesicles

A small pool of vesicles maintains synaptic activity in vivo

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A small pool of vesicles maintains synaptic activity in vivo.

Readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles measured at single synaptic contacts

VAMP4 directs synaptic vesicles to a pool that selectively maintains asynchronous neurotransmission

The reserve pool of synaptic vesicles acts as a buffer for proteins involved in synaptic vesicle recycling

Actin-dependent rapid recruitment of reluctant synaptic vesicles into a fast-releasing vesicle pool

Superpriming of synaptic vesicles after their recruitment to the readily releasable pool

Delayed reentry of recycling vesicles into the fusion-competent synaptic vesicle pool in synaptojanin 1 knockout mice

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A small pool of vesicles maintains synaptic activity in vivo