NDLI: Ultrastructural analysis of the replication cycle of pseudorabies virus in cell culture: a reassessment.

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Regulation of apoptosis by viral gene products.

The cellular transcription factor SP1 and an unknown cellular protein are required to mediate Rep protein activation of the adeno-associated virus p19 promoter.

Identification of a promoter-specific transactivation domain in the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein ICP4.

Dominant-negative inhibitors of EBNA-1 of Epstein-Barr virus.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus mediates a high level of gene transfer but less efficient integration in the K562 human hematopoietic cell line.

Herpes simplex virus immediate-early proteins ICP0 and ICP4 activate the endogenous human alpha-globin gene in nonerythroid cells.

Role of the intergenic dinucleotide in vesicular stomatitis virus RNA transcription.

Antiviral immune responses in CTLA4 transgenic mice.

Control of immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferation in mouse AIDS: studies of mice deficient in CD8+ T cells or perforin.

Proteolytic processing of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus 1a polyprotein: identification of a 10-kilodalton polypeptide and determination of its cleavage sites.

Characterization of early stages in vaccinia virus membrane biogenesis: implications of the 21-kilodalton protein and a newly identified 15-kilodalton envelope protein.

Mutations in type 3 reovirus that determine binding to sialic acid are contained in the fibrous tail domain of viral attachment protein sigma1.

Construction of adenovirus vectors through Cre-lox recombination.

The NPI-1/NPI-3 (karyopherin alpha) binding site on the influenza a virus nucleoprotein NP is a nonconventional nuclear localization signal.

Human adenovirus early region 4 open reading frame 1 genes encode growth-transforming proteins that may be distantly related to dUTP pyrophosphatase enzymes.

Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env sequence variation in patients with diverse rates of disease progression and T-cell function.

Induction of AIDS by simian immunodeficiency virus lacking NF-kappaB and SP1 binding elements.

Adding an Rb-binding site to an N-terminally truncated simian virus 40 T antigen restores growth to high cell density, and the T common region in trans provides anchorage-independent growth and rapid growth in low serum concentrations.

Analysis of recombinant adeno-associated virus packaging and requirements for rep and cap gene products.

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to Sendai virus is unimpaired in the absence of gamma interferon.

Rhesus macaques previously infected with simian/human immunodeficiency virus are protected from vaginal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239.

The presence of host-derived HLA-DR1 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 increases viral infectivity.

Epstein-Barr virus immortalization: Notch2 interacts with CBF1 and blocks differentiation.

Episodic evolution mediates interspecies transfer of a murine coronavirus.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax releases cell cycle arrest induced by p16INK4a.

A single 13-kilobase divergent locus in the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome contains nine open reading frames that are homologous to or related to cellular proteins.

Transrepression of lck gene expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-encoded p40tax.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional cyclin.

Double-stranded RNA is a trigger for apoptosis in vaccinia virus-infected cells.

Distinct domains of adenovirus E1A interact with specific cellular factors to differentially modulate human immunodeficiency virus transcription.

CCAAT displacement protein, a regulator of differentiation-specific gene expression, binds a negative regulatory element within the 5' end of the human papillomavirus type 6 long control region.

Founder virus population related to route of virus transmission: a determinant of intrahost human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution?

Repression of host RNA polymerase II transcription by herpes simplex virus type 1.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein oligomerization requires the gp41 amphipathic alpha-helical/leucine zipper-like sequence.

Position dependence of functional hairpins important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA encapsidation in vivo.

In vivo compartmentalization of human immunodeficiency virus: evidence from the examination of pol sequences from autopsy tissues.

Ultrastructural analysis of the replication cycle of pseudorabies virus in cell culture: a reassessment.

Altered Rous sarcoma virus Gag polyprotein processing and its effects on particle formation.

Reovirus infection and tissue injury in the mouse central nervous system are associated with apoptosis.

The hydrophobic pocket of cyclophilin is the binding site for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein.

Constitutive expression of p50 homodimer in freshly isolated human monocytes decreases with in vitro and in vivo differentiation: a possible mechanism influencing human immunodeficiency virus replication in monocytes and mature macrophages.

The role of ATF in regulating the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase (UL54) promoter during viral infection.

Mutational analyses of the intergenic dinucleotide and the transcriptional start sequence of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) define sequences required for efficient termination and initiation of VSV transcripts.

Segment-specific noncoding sequences of the influenza virus genome RNA are involved in the specific competition between defective interfering RNA and its progenitor RNA segment at the virion assembly step.

Two Microplitis demolitor polydnavirus mRNAs expressed in hemocytes of Pseudoplusia includens contain a common cysteine-rich domain.

In vitro selection of packaging sites in a double-stranded RNA virus.

Site-directed and linker insertion mutagenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein H.

Distinct domains of M-T2, the myxoma virus tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor homolog, mediate extracellular TNF binding and intracellular apoptosis inhibition.

Characterization of an ATPase activity in reovirus cores and its genetic association with core-shell protein lambda1.

Disassociation between the in vitro and in vivo effects of nitric oxide on a neurotropic murine coronavirus.

Two proline residues are essential in the calcium-binding activity of rotavirus VP7 outer capsid protein.

Induction of cyclins E and A in response to mitogen removal: a basic alteration associated with the arrest of differentiation of C2 myoblasts transformed by simian virus 40 large T antigen.

Construction, replication, and immunogenic properties of a simian immunodeficiency virus expressing interleukin-2.

Accumulation of defective viral genomes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals.

Human CD4+ T-cell response to hepatitis delta virus: identification of multiple epitopes and characterization of T-helper cytokine profiles.

Functional phenotype of transformed human alphabeta and gammadelta T cells determined by different subgroup C strains of herpesvirus Saimiri.

Characterization of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with La France isometric virus.

Deletion of the C-terminal 33 amino acids of cucumber mosaic virus movement protein enables a chimeric brome mosaic virus to move from cell to cell.

Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against immunorecessive epitopes after multiple immunizations with adenovirus vectors is dependent on haplotype.

Glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus type 1 requires glycoprotein L for transport to the surfaces of insect cells.

A multivalent minigene vaccine, containing B-cell, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte, and Th epitopes from several microbes, induces appropriate responses in vivo and confers protection against more than one pathogen.

Oral immunization with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG simian immunodeficiency virus nef induces local and systemic cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in mice.

In vitro genetic selection analysis of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein binding to 3'-terminal AUGC repeats in the viral RNAs.

Study of the dynamics of neutralization escape mutants in a chimpanzee naturally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVcpz-ant.

Assembly of African swine fever virus: role of polyprotein pp220.

Failure to transmit disease from gray tremor mutant mice.

A conserved hairpin motif in the R-U5 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA genome is essential for replication.

A novel Met-to-Thr mutation in the YMDD motif of reverse transcriptase from feline immunodeficiency virus confers resistance to oxathiolane nucleosides.

An RNA tertiary structure in the 3' untranslated region of enteroviruses is necessary for efficient replication.

Characterization of the components and activity of Sonchus yellow net rhabdovirus polymerase.

Mutational analysis of the oligomer assembly domain in the transmembrane subunit of the Rous sarcoma virus glycoprotein.

Formation of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication compartments by transfection: requirements and localization to nuclear domain 10.

Induction of degenerative brain lesions after adoptive transfer of brain lymphocytes from Borna disease virus-infected rats: presence of CD8+ T cells and perforin mRNA.

Effect of the E4 region on the persistence of transgene expression from adenovirus vectors.

Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia and central nervous system invasion in a novel hu-PBL-immunodeficient mouse strain.

The transneuronal spread phenotype of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of the mouse hind footpad.

The refined crystal structure of the 3C gene product from hepatitis A virus: specific proteinase activity and RNA recognition.

Identification of the alpha6 integrin as a candidate receptor for papillomaviruses.

A neutralizing monoclonal antibody previously mapped exclusively on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 recognizes an epitope in p17 sharing the core sequence IEEE.

Human papillomavirus type 16 sequence variation in cervical cancers: a worldwide perspective.

Phenotypically Vif- human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is produced by chronically infected restrictive cells.

Spontaneous establishment of an Epstein-Barr virus-infected fibroblast line from the synovial tissue of a rheumatoid arthritis patient.

Size variation within the second hypervariable region of the surface envelope gene of the bovine lentivirus BIV in experimentally and naturally infected cattle.

Utilization of nonhomologous minus-strand DNA transfer to generate recombinant retroviruses.

Molecular determinants for cellular uptake of Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in brain cells.

Structure-based rationale for the rescue of systemic movement of brome mosaic virus by spontaneous second-site mutations in the coat protein gene.

Strain variability among Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genomes: evidence that a large cohort of United States AIDS patients may have been infected by a single common isolate.

Antibody-mediated neutralization of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is not affected by the initial activation state of the cells.

Modification of the Sendai virus-specific antibody and CD8+ T-cell responses in mice homozygous for disruption of the interleukin-4 gene.

Utilization of C-C chemokine receptor 5 by the envelope glycoproteins of a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmac239.

Binding sites for adeno-associated virus Rep proteins within the human genome.

Induction of phosphorylation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef and enhancement of CD4 downregulation by phorbol myristate acetate.

Reovirus-induced apoptosis of MDCK cells is not linked to viral yield and is blocked by Bcl-2.

Reed-Sternberg cells and "bystander" lymphocytes in lymph nodes affected by Hodgkin's disease are infected with different strains of Epstein-Barr virus.

The herpesvirus saimiri ORF50 gene, encoding a transcriptional activator homologous to the Epstein-Barr virus R protein, is transcribed from two distinct promoters of different temporal phases.

Host-specific driving force in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in vivo.

Mapping and characterization of the origin of DNA replication of porcine circovirus.

Suppression of apoptotic DNA fragmentation in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells.

Identification of nucleotide sequences that regulate transcription of the MCF13 murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat in activated T cells.

In vitro transcription of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is RNA polymerase II dependent.

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Ultrastructural analysis of the replication cycle of pseudorabies virus in cell culture: a reassessment.

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Granzow, H. Weiland, F. Jöns, A. Klupp, B. G. Karger, A. Mettenleiter, T. C.
Abstract	We reinvestigated major steps in the replicative cycle of pseudorabies virus (PrV) by electron microscopy of infected cultured cells. Virions attached to the cell surface were found in two distinct stages, with a distance of 12 to 14 nm or 6 to 8 nm between virion envelope and cell surface, respectively. After fusion of virion envelope and cell membrane, immunogold labeling using a monoclonal antibody against the envelope glycoprotein gE demonstrated a rapid drift of gE from the fusion site, indicating significant lateral movement of viral glycoproteins during or immediately after the fusion event. Naked nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm frequently appeared close to microtubules prior to transport to nuclear pores. At the nuclear pore, nucleocapsids invariably were oriented with one vertex pointing to the central granulum at a distance of about 40 nm and viral DNA appeared to be released via the vertex region into the nucleoplasm. Intranuclear maturation followed the typical herpesvirus nucleocapsid morphogenesis pathway. Regarding egress, our observations indicate that primary envelopment of nucleocapsids occurred at the inner leaflet of the nuclear membrane by budding into the perinuclear cisterna. This nuclear membrane-derived envelope exhibited a smooth surface which contrasts the envelope obtained by putative reenvelopment at tubular vesicles in the Golgi area which is characterized by distinct surface projections. Loss of the primary envelope and release of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm appeared to occur by fusion of envelope and outer leaflet of the nuclear membrane. Nucleocapsids were also found engulfed by both lamella of the nuclear membrane. This vesiculation process released nucleocapsids surrounded by two membranes into the cytoplasm. Our data also indicate that fusion between the two membranes then leads to release of naked nucleocapsids in the Golgi area. Egress of virions appeared to occur via transport vesicles containing one or more virus particles by fusion of vesicle and cell membrane. Our data thus support biochemical data and mutant virus studies of (i) two steps of attachment, (ii) the involvement of microtubules in the transport of nucleocapsids to the nuclear pore, and (iii) secondary envelopment in the trans-Golgi area in PrV infection.
Starting Page	2072
File Format	PDF
ISSN	10985514
e-ISSN	10985514
Journal	Journal of Virology
Issue Number	3
Volume Number	71
Language	English
Publisher Date	1997-03-01
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Virology Immunology Microbiology Insect Science

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