NDLI: Inhibition of human and simian immunodeficiency virus protease function by targeting Vpx-protease-mutant fusion protein into viral particles.

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Diversity of the envelope glycoprotein among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates of clade E from Asia and Africa.

The human cytomegalovirus UL94 open reading frame encodes a conserved herpesvirus capsid/tegument-associated virion protein that is expressed with true late kinetics.

Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus.

Transforming properties of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus oncoproteins Le6 and SE6 and of the E8 protein.

Identification of a highly conserved sequence element at the 3' terminus of hepatitis C virus genome RNA.

The vaccinia virus 4c and A-type inclusion proteins are specific markers for the intracellular mature virus particle.

Inhibition of human and simian immunodeficiency virus protease function by targeting Vpx-protease-mutant fusion protein into viral particles.

Targeting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by intracellular expression of single-chain variable fragments to inhibit early stages of the viral life cycle.

Folding, assembly, and intracellular trafficking of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein analyzed with monoclonal antibodies recognizing maturational intermediates.

Identification of Simian virus 40 promoter DNA sequences capable of conferring restriction endonuclease hypersensitivity.

Plasmid-like replicative intermediates of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic origin of DNA replication.

Exceptional fusogenicity of Chinese hamster ovary cells with murine retroviruses suggests roles for cellular factor(s) and receptor clusters in the membrane fusion process.

Mutations in the Ty3 major homology region affect multiple steps in Ty3 retrotransposition.

Nucleoplasmic and nucleolar distribution of the adenovirus IVa2 gene product.

Differences in the susceptibility of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 to modified heparin compounds suggest serotype differences in viral entry.

Adenovirus uncoating and nuclear establishment are not affected by weak base amines.

Nucleotide sequence of classical swine fever virus strain Alfort/187 and transcription of infectious RNA from stably cloned full-length cDNA.

Repression of the alpha0 gene by ICP4 during a productive herpes simplex virus infection.

Regulated, stable expression and nuclear presence of retrovirus double-stranded RNA-binding protein sigma3 in HeLa cells.

Mutational analysis of human papillomavirus type 11 E5a oncoprotein.

An N-terminal deletion mutant of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen oligomerizes incorrectly on SV40 DNA but retains the ability to bind to DNA polymerase alpha and replicate SV40 DNA in vitro.

Identification and characterization of the pseudorabies virus UL3.5 protein, which is involved in virus egress.

Identification and characterization of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 gp150: a virion membrane glycoprotein.

Spontaneous mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene that affect viral replication in the presence of cyclosporins.

Intraepithelial gamma/delta T cells in duodenal mucosa are related to the immune state and survival time in AIDS.

Cyclophilin A is required for an early step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 before the initiation of reverse transcription.

Transcription of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) gene occurs before induction of the BCR2 (Cp) EBNA gene promoter during the initial stages of infection in B cells.

Concerted integration of linear retroviral DNA by the avian sarcoma virus integrase in vitro: dependence on both long terminal repeat termini.

Genetic analysis of polyomavirus large T nuclear localization: nuclear localization is required for productive association with pRb family members.

Longitudinal studies of viral sequence, viral phenotype, and immunologic parameters of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in perinatally infected twins with discordant disease courses.

The human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 p12I proteins bind the interleukin-2 receptor beta and gammac chains and affects their expression on the cell surface.

Complete nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of snakehead fish retrovirus.

Genetic characterization of new West African simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm: geographic clustering of household-derived SIV strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop.

Cellular or viral protein binding to a cytomegalovirus promoter transcription initiation site: effects on transcription.

Selection and characterization of replication-competent revertants of a Rous sarcoma virus src gene oversplicing mutant.

Inhibitory activity of the equine infectious anemia virus major 5' splice site in the absence of Rev.

Identification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins that interact specifically with an AU-rich, cis-acting inhibitory sequence in the 3' untranslated region of human papillomavirus type 1 late mRNAs.

Quantitative model of antibody- and soluble CD4-mediated neutralization of primary isolates and T-cell line-adapted strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence and functional organization of the genome of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteriophage Cp-1.

Epitopes and hemagglutination binding domain on subgenus B:2 adenovirus fibers.

(Alkylamino) piperidine bis(heteroaryl)piperizine analogs are potent, broad-spectrum nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of drug-resistant isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and select for drug-resistant variants of HIV-1IIIB with reduced replication phenotypes.

Synthesis and assembly of retrovirus Gag precursors into immature capsids in vitro.

Cell entry by measles virus: long hybrid receptors uncouple binding from membrane fusion.

Vaccine protection by a triple deletion mutant of simian immunodeficiency virus.

Measles virus infection of thymic epithelium in the SCID-hu mouse leads to thymocyte apoptosis.

Patterns of viral replication correlate with outcome in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques: effect of prior immunization with a trivalent SIV vaccine in modified vaccinia virus Ankara.

Extracellular vaccinia virus envelope glycoprotein encoded by the A33R gene.

Second locus involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to protease inhibitors.

Tropism of human adenovirus type 5-based vectors in swine and their ability to protect against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.

A viral vaccine vector that expresses foreign genes in lymph nodes and protects against mucosal challenge.

The structure of adenovirus type 12 DNA integration sites in the hamster cell genome.

Crystal structure of the top domain of African horse sickness virus VP7: comparisons with bluetongue virus VP7.

The latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 encodes a product which inhibits cell cycle progression.

Structure-function analysis of soluble forms of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D.

Interference to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in the absence of downmodulation of the principal virus receptor, CD4.

Avian retroviral RNA element promotes unspliced RNA accumulation in the cytoplasm.

Adenovirus E4 open reading frame 4 protein autoregulates E4 transcription by inhibiting E1A transactivation of the E4 promoter.

A multistep process of leukemogenesis in Moloney murine leukemia virus-infected mice that is modulated by retroviral pseudotyping and interference.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is blocked prior to reverse transcription and integration in freshly isolated peripheral blood monocytes.

Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase in trans during virion release and after infection.

Coxsackie B3 virus protein 2B contains cationic amphipathic helix that is required for viral RNA replication.

Mechanisms of simian virus 40 T-antigen activation by phosphorylation of threonine 124.

Characterization of the ZI domains in the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 gene promoter: role in phorbol ester induction.

The human foamy virus Bel-1 transcription factor is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein.

Coordinated disintegration reactions mediated by Moloney murine leukemia virus integrase.

Gene transfer into mammalian cells by a Rous sarcoma virus-based retroviral vector with the host range of the amphotropic murine leukemia virus.

Dengue type 4 virus mutants containing deletions in the 3' noncoding region of the RNA genome: analysis of growth restriction in cell culture and altered viremia pattern and immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys.

Properties of the protein encoded by the UL32 open reading frame of herpes simplex virus 1.

Molecular anatomy of mouse hepatitis virus persistence: coevolution of increased host cell resistance and virus virulence.

cis-Acting signals that promote genome replication in rotavirus mRNA.

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis increases mortality in Sindbis virus encephalitis.

Simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine trial in macaques.

Efficient retroviral infection of mammalian cells is blocked by inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity.

Costimulation of cytokine gene expression in T cells by the human T leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 trans activator Tax.

Repression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-driven gene expression by binding of the virus to its primary cellular receptor, the CD4 molecule.

A critical role for the TAR element in promoting efficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription.

Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 2 (IE2) protein can transactivate the human hsp70 promoter by alleviation of Dr1-mediated repression.

Chimeric hepatitis B virus core particles as probes for studying peptide-integrin interactions.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat variants from 42 patients representing all stages of infection display a wide range of sequence polymorphism and transcription activity.

Sequence tags of provirus integration sites in DNAs of tumors induced by the murine retrovirus SL3-3.

mRNA export correlates with activation of transcription in human subgroup C adenovirus-infected cells.

A human cell line selected for resistance to adenovirus infection has reduced levels of the virus receptor.

Synthesis of Semliki Forest virus RNA polymerase components nsP1 through nsP4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of cDNA encoding the nonstructural polyprotein.

Human isolates of dengue type 1 virus induce apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma cells.

Oral inoculation with herpes simplex virus type 1 infects enteric neuron and mucosal nerve fibers within the gastrointestinal tract in mice.

The equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein gp21/22a, the herpes simplex virus type 1 gM homolog, is involved in virus penetration and cell-to-cell spread of virions.

Inactivated bovine herpesvirus 1 induces apoptotic cell death of mitogen-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Induction of interleukin-12 (IL-12) by recombinant glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human monocytes/macrophages: requirement of gamma interferon for IL-12 secretion.

Nondefective rotavirus mutants with an NSP1 gene which has a deletion of 500 nucleotides, including a cysteine-rich zinc finger motif-encoding region (nucleotides 156 to 248), or which has a nonsense codon at nucleotides 153-155.

Processing in the pestivirus E2-NS2 region: identification of proteins p7 and E2p7.

Cloning, expression and characterization of the proteinase from human herpesvirus 6.

Expression of the recombinant anchorless N-terminal domain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) receptor makes hamster of human cells susceptible to MHV infection.

Maintenance of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells persistently infected with murine coronavirus.

Evidence that replication of human neurotropic JC virus DNA in glial cells is regulated by the sequence-specific single-stranded DNA-binding protein Pur alpha.

Requirements for lymphocyte activation by unusual strains of simian immunodeficiency virus.

Monkeys immunized with intertypic chimeric dengue viruses are protected against wild-type virus challenge.

Moloney murine leukemia virus activates NF-kappa B.

Elimination of both E1 and E2 from adenovirus vectors further improves prospects for in vivo human gene therapy.

EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C extensively and mutually exclusively associate with RBPJkappa in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes.

The envelope gp120 gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 determines the rate of CD4-positive T-cell depletion in SCID mice engrafted with human peripheral blood leukocytes.

A plasmid-based reverse genetics system for influenza A virus.

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Inhibition of human and simian immunodeficiency virus protease function by targeting Vpx-protease-mutant fusion protein into viral particles.

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Liu, H. Xiao, H. Conway, J. A. Kappes, J. C. Wu, X.
Abstract	The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) Vpr and HIV-2 Vpx proteins package into virions through interactions with their cognate Gag polyprotein precursor. The targeting properties of Vpr and Vpx have been exploited to incorporate foreign proteins into virions by expression as heterologous fusion molecules (X. Wu, H.-M. Liu, H. Xiao, J. Kim, P. Seshaiah, G. Natsoulis, J. D. Boeke, B. H. Hahn, and J. C. Kappes, J. Virol. 69:3389-3398, 1995). To explore the possibility of utilizing Vpx and Vpr to target dominant negative mutants of the HIV Pol proteins into virions, we fused HIV-2 Vpx with an enzymatically defective protease (PR) mutant. Using a vector system to facilitate transient coexpression with HIV provirus, Vpx-PR-mutant (VpxPR(M)) fusion protein was expressed and packaged efficiently into HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus virions. Immunoblot analysis of purified virions demonstrated that the packaging of VpxPR(M) interfered with the processing of the Gag and Gag/Pol precursor proteins, similar to that of a well-characterized active-site PR inhibitor. The incomplete processing of Gag and Gag/Pol was consistent with a 25-fold reduction in virion infectivity. The coexpression of a packaging defective VpxPR(M) fusion protein with HIV-2 provirus produced virions with fully processed Gag protein, similar to wild-type virions. Importantly, virions trans complemented with a Vpx-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion protein were normal with respect to the processing of Gag protein and the ability to infect and replicate in vitro. These results indicate that VpxPR(M) specifically inhibited the function of the viral protease and provide for the first time proof of principle that the incorporation of foreign proteins into virions via fusion with Vpx can inhibit HIV replication. The use of accessory proteins as vehicles to deliver deleterious proteins to virions, including dominant negative mutants of Pol proteins, may provide new opportunities for application of gene therapy-based antiretroviral strategies. The ability to package PR by expression in trans, independent of the Gag/Pol precursor, also represents a novel approach that may be exploited to study the function of the Pol proteins.
Starting Page	3378
File Format	PDF
ISSN	10985514
e-ISSN	10985514
Journal	Journal of Virology
Issue Number	6
Volume Number	70
Language	English
Publisher Date	1996-06-01
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Virology Immunology Microbiology Insect Science

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