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$CO_{2}$ Emissions Embodied in International Trade and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for OECD and Non-OECD Countries
| Content Provider | MDPI |
|---|---|
| Author | Kang, Hyunsoo |
| Copyright Year | 2021 |
| Description | This study examined the relationship between $CO_{2}$ emissions embodied in international trade and economic growth for OECD and non-OECD countries between 2005 and 2015. Unlike the traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, which does not account for trade patterns, $CO_{2}$ emissions embodied in trade balances were adopted in several models. To analyze the panel series, this study utilized econometric procedures: panel regression, the panel unit root test, the panel cointegration test, and panel Granger causality. To investigate evidence supporting the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH), this study constructed an equation including $CO_{2}$ emissions embodied in net exports as a proportion of consumption. The results from the panel regression model validated the EKC hypothesis, even considering the $CO_{2}$ emissions embodied in trade. Results of the panel unit root, panel cointegration, and Granger causality tests showed that $CO_{2}$ emissions embodied in trade and economic growth have bi-directional Granger causality. This study provided evidence for the PHH, although some upper countries of net exporters or net importers for $CO_{2}$ emissions can be observed. This study highlighted the need to intensify international cooperation to decrease environmental pollutants in both developed and developing countries, and considered the importance of $CO_{2}$ emissions embodied in trade by expanding globalization. |
| Starting Page | 12114 |
| e-ISSN | 20711050 |
| DOI | 10.3390/su132112114 |
| Journal | Sustainability |
| Issue Number | 21 |
| Volume Number | 13 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | MDPI |
| Publisher Date | 2021-11-02 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Sustainability Environmental Engineering Co2 Embodied in Trade Economic Growth the Ekc Hypothesis Pollution Haven Granger Causality |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
