NDLI: Accumulation of Particles and Formation of a Dissipative Structure in a Nonequilibrium Bath

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Accumulation of Particles and Formation of a Dissipative Structure in a Nonequilibrium Bath

Content Provider	MDPI
Author	Yuvan, Steven Bier, Martin
Copyright Year	2022
Description	The standard textbooks contain good explanations of how and why equilibrium thermodynamics emerges in a reservoir with particles that are subjected to Gaussian noise. However, in systems that convert or transport energy, the noise is often not Gaussian. Instead, displacements exhibit an $α$ -stable distribution. Such noise is commonly called Lévy noise. With such noise, we see a thermodynamics that deviates from what traditional equilibrium theory stipulates. In addition, with particles that can propel themselves, so-called active particles, we find that the rules of equilibrium thermodynamics no longer apply. No general nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory is available and understanding is often ad hoc. We study a system with overdamped particles that are subjected to Lévy noise. We pick a system with a geometry that leads to concise formulae to describe the accumulation of particles in a cavity. The nonhomogeneous distribution of particles can be seen as a dissipative structure, i.e., a lower-entropy steady state that allows for throughput of energy and concurrent production of entropy. After the mechanism that maintains nonequilibrium is switched off, the relaxation back to homogeneity represents an increase in entropy and a decrease of free energy. For our setup we can analytically connect the nonequilibrium noise and active particle behavior to entropy decrease and energy buildup with simple and intuitive formulae.
Starting Page	189
e-ISSN	10994300
DOI	10.3390/e24020189
Journal	Entropy
Issue Number	2
Volume Number	24
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2022-01-27
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Entropy Petroleum Engineering Lévy Noise Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Active Particles Entropy Production Dissipative Structures
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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