NDLI: A True-Color Sensor and Suitable Evaluation Algorithm for Plant Recognition

Please wait, while we are loading the content...

A Review of Pedestrian Indoor Positioning Systems for Mass Market Applications

RUDO: A Home Ambient Intelligence System for Blind People

Landmark-Based Homing Navigation Using Omnidirectional Depth Information

A Fast Room Temperature NH3 Sensor Based on an Al/p-Si/Al Structure with Schottky Electrodes

Experimental Study on Stress Monitoring of Sand-Filled Steel Tube during Impact Using Piezoceramic Smart Aggregates

Ultrasensitive Terahertz Biosensors Based on Fano Resonance of a Graphene/Waveguide Hybrid Structure

Estimating Hourly Concentrations of PM2.5 across a Metropolitan Area Using Low-Cost Particle Monitors

Genome-Wide SNP Signal Intensity Scanning Revealed Genes Differentiating Cows with Ovarian Pathologies from Healthy Cows

Evaluation of Flexible Force Sensors for Pressure Monitoring in Treatment of Chronic Venous Disorders

An Extended Kalman Filter-Based Attitude Tracking Algorithm for Star Sensors

Crack Monitoring of Operational Wind Turbine Foundations

Evolutionary Beamforming Optimization for Radio Frequency Charging in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

Carbon Nanomaterial Based Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Cancer and Disease Biomarkers for Clinical Diagnosis

Development of the MOOSY4 eNose IoT for Sulphur-Based VOC Water Pollution Detection

Performance Analysis of ToA-Based Positioning Algorithms for Static and Dynamic Targets with Low Ranging Measurements

Dual Quaternions as Constraints in 4D-DPM Models for Pose Estimation

Development and Evaluation of A Novel and Cost-Effective Approach for Low-Cost NO2 Sensor Drift Correction

Development and Testing of an LED-Based Near-Infrared Sensor for Human Kidney Tumor Diagnostics

Energy Efficiency Maximization for WSNs with Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer

A DFT Calculation of Fluoride-Doped TiO2 Nanotubes for Detecting SF6 Decomposition Components

The Potentiodynamic Bottom-up Growth of the Tin Oxide Nanostructured Layer for Gas-Analytical Multisensor Array Chips

LoRa Mobile-To-Base-Station Channel Characterization in the Antarctic

A Novel Partial Discharge Localization Method in Substation Based on a Wireless UHF Sensor Array

Towards Scalable Strain Gauge-Based Joint Torque Sensors

Vertical-Strip-Fed Broadband Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna

Tree Alignment Based on Needleman-Wunsch Algorithm for Sensor Selection in Smart Homes

Dynamic Fuzzy-Logic Based Path Planning for Mobility-Assisted Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

A Third Generation Glucose Biosensor Based on Cellobiose Dehydrogenase Immobilized on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Decorated with Electrodeposited Gold Nanoparticles: Characterization and Application in Human Saliva

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering in Molecular Junctions

Electrochemical Biosensors for Rapid Detection of Foodborne Salmonella: A Critical Overview

Combined Dynamic Time Warping with Multiple Sensors for 3D Gesture Recognition

Influence of the Distribution of Tag IDs on RFID Memoryless Anti-Collision Protocols

Insight into the Mechanism of CO Oxidation on WO3(001) Surfaces for Gas Sensing: A DFT Study

Non-Destructive Analysis of the Internal Anatomical Structures of Mosquito Specimens Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Measurement of the Verdet Constant of Polarization-Maintaining Air-Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber

Ag Nanorods-Oxide Hybrid Array Substrates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Permalloy-Based Thin Film Structures: Magnetic Properties and the Giant Magnetoimpedance Effect in the Temperature Range Important for Biomedical Applications

Topological Interference Management for K-User Downlink Massive MIMO Relay Network Channel

Detecting Traversable Area and Water Hazards for the Visually Impaired with a pRGB-D Sensor

Secure Localization in the Presence of Colluders in WSNs

Discrimination of Transgenic Maize Kernel Using NIR Hyperspectral Imaging and Multivariate Data Analysis

Accuracy of Flight Altitude Measured with Low-Cost GNSS, Radar and Barometer Sensors: Implications for Airborne Radiometric Surveys

A Wireless ExG Interface for Patch-Type ECG Holter and EMG-Controlled Robot Hand

A Vision-Based Wayfinding System for Visually Impaired People Using Situation Awareness and Activity-Based Instructions

Joint Mobile Data Collection and Wireless Energy Transfer in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

Detection Methodologies for Pathogen and Toxins: A Review

A Microneedle Functionalized with Polyethyleneimine and Nanotubes for Highly Sensitive, Label-Free Quantification of DNA

A Framework Based on Reference Data with Superordinate Accuracy for the Quality Analysis of Terrestrial Laser Scanning-Based Multi-Sensor-Systems

Small, Smart, Fast, and Cheap: Microchip-Based Sensors to Estimate Air Pollution Exposures in Rural Households

Dual-Band Band-Pass Filter with Fixed Low Band and Fluidically-Tunable High Band

Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofiber Interfaces for Biosensing Devices

Optimizing Waveform Maximum Determination for Specular Point Tracking in Airborne GNSS-R

Indoor Scene Point Cloud Registration Algorithm Based on RGB-D Camera Calibration

TAMRA/TAMRA Fluorescence Quenching Systems for the Activity Assay of Alkaline Phosphatase

Hitchhiking Robots: A Collaborative Approach for Efficient Multi-Robot Navigation in Indoor Environments

Path Planning for Non-Circular, Non-Holonomic Robots in Highly Cluttered Environments

Octopus: A Design Methodology for Motion Capture Wearables

Characterization of Quadratic Nonlinearity between Motion Artifact and Acceleration Data and its Application to Heartbeat Rate Estimation

Vibroacoustic Impact on the Architectonic Heritage When Using Replicas of 16th Century Weapons

Conformal Prediction Based on K-Nearest Neighbors for Discrimination of Ginsengs by a Home-Made Electronic Nose

The Role of Visual Noise in Influencing Mental Load and Fatigue in a Steady-State Motion Visual Evoked Potential-Based Brain-Computer Interface

Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry Systems

Waveguide Plasmon Resonance of Arrayed Metallic Nanostructures Patterned on a Soft Substrate by Direct Contact Printing Lithography

Cyber Physical Systems for User Reliability Measurements in a Sharing Economy Environment

Real-Time Rain Rate Evaluation via Satellite Downlink Signal Attenuation Measurement

Multiple Cracks Detection in Pipeline Using Damage Index Matrix Based on Piezoceramic Transducer-Enabled Stress Wave Propagation

Glucose Sensing for Diabetes Monitoring: Recent Developments

Visual Servoing for an Autonomous Hexarotor Using a Neural Network Based PID Controller

Effects of Dilution Systems in Olfactometry on the Recovery of Typical Livestock Odorants Determined by PTR-MS

An Energy-Efficient Mobile Sink-Based Unequal Clustering Mechanism for WSNs

An Iterative Closest Points Algorithm for Registration of 3D Laser Scanner Point Clouds with Geometric Features

Optical Refractive Index Sensing Based on High-Q Bound States in the Continuum in Free-Space Coupled Photonic Crystal Slabs

The Ultrasonic Directional Tidal Breathing Pattern Sensor: Equitable Design Realization Based on Phase Information

Validating MODIS and Sentinel-2 NDVI Products at a Temperate Deciduous Forest Site Using Two Independent Ground-Based Sensors

Fabrication and Characterization of Flexible and Miniaturized Humidity Sensors Using Screen-Printed TiO2 Nanoparticles as Sensitive Layer

A Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter with Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage

Applying Sensor-Based Technology to Improve Construction Safety Management

Translational Imaging Spectroscopy for Proximal Sensing

Recent Trends on Electrochemical Sensors Based on Ordered Mesoporous Carbon

Deep Source Localization with Magnetoencephalography Based on Sensor Array Decomposition and Beamforming

Headgear Accessories Classification Using an Overhead Depth Sensor

Figure of Merit Enhancement of a Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Using a Low-Refractive-Index Porous Silica Film

A Novel Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine for Gas Utilization Ratio Prediction in Blast Furnaces

A Compressed Sensing Based Method for Reducing the Sampling Time of A High Resolution Pressure Sensor Array System

A Heterogeneous Sensing System-Based Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Indoor Positioning

Slippage Detection with Piezoresistive Tactile Sensors

Efficient Pedestrian Detection at Nighttime Using a Thermal Camera

Characteristics of Marine Gravity Anomaly Reference Maps and Accuracy Analysis of Gravity Matching-Aided Navigation

Construction Condition and Damage Monitoring of Post-Tensioned PSC Girders Using Embedded Sensors

Inhomogeneous Oxygen Vacancy Distribution in Semiconductor Gas Sensors: Formation, Migration and Determination on Gas Sensing Characteristics

Design and Implementation of 2.45 GHz Passive SAW Temperature Sensors with BPSK Coded RFID Configuration

Activity Recognition Invariant to Sensor Orientation with Wearable Motion Sensors

Amalgam Electrode-Based Electrochemical Detector for On-Site Direct Determination of Cadmium(II) and Lead(II) from Soils

Monocular Stereo Measurement Using High-Speed Catadioptric Tracking

Real-Time External Respiratory Motion Measuring Technique Using an RGB-D Camera and Principal Component Analysis

Electrospinning Hetero-Nanofibers In2O3/SnO2 of Homotype Heterojunction with High Gas Sensing Activity

Auxiliary Sensor-Based Borehole Transient Electromagnetic System for the Nondestructive Inspection of Multipipe Strings

Terrestrial Laser Scanner Two-Face Measurements for Analyzing the Elevation-Dependent Deformation of the Onsala Space Observatory 20-m Radio Telescope’s Main Reflector in a Bundle Adjustment

A Comprehensive System for Monitoring Urban Accessibility in Smart Cities

Discrimination of Oil Slicks and Lookalikes in Polarimetric SAR Images Using CNN

Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Silver Using a Carbon Paste Electrode and a Screen Printed Electrode Modified with Chromium(III) Oxide

Influence of the Spatial Dimensions of Ultrasonic Transducers on the Frequency Spectrum of Guided Waves

Stairs and Doors Recognition as Natural Landmarks Based on Clouds of 3D Edge-Points from RGB-D Sensors for Mobile Robot Localization

Energy-Efficient Hosting Rich Content from Mobile Platforms with Relative Proximity Sensing

Efficient Segmentation of a Breast in B-Mode Ultrasound Tomography Using Three-Dimensional GrabCut (GC3D)

Detecting Unknown Artificial Urban Surface Materials Based on Spectral Dissimilarity Analysis

A Novel Cross-Layer Routing Protocol Based on Network Coding for Underwater Sensor Networks

A True-Color Sensor and Suitable Evaluation Algorithm for Plant Recognition

Just-in-Time Correntropy Soft Sensor with Noisy Data for Industrial Silicon Content Prediction

Achieve Location Privacy-Preserving Range Query in Vehicular Sensing

Investigating the Influence of Temperature on the Kaolinite-Base Synthesis of Zeolite and Urease Immobilization for the Potential Fabrication of Electrochemical Urea Biosensors

Tuning Sensory Properties of Triazole-Conjugated Spiropyrans: Metal-Ion Selectivity and Paper-Based Colorimetric Detection of Cyanide

A Study on AIN Film-Based SAW Attenuation in Liquids and Their Potential as Liquid Ethanol Sensors

A Semi-Analytical Solution for the Thickness-Vibration of Centrally Partially-Electroded Circular AT-Cut Quartz Resonators

Study of Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Biophysical Kinetics with a Microslit-Embedded Cantilever Sensor in a Liquid Environment

Cloud-Assisted UAV Data Collection for Multiple Emerging Events in Distributed WSNs

Evaluation of Early-Age Concrete Compressive Strength with Ultrasonic Sensors

EPPRD: An Efficient Privacy-Preserving Power Requirement and Distribution Aggregation Scheme for a Smart Grid

Progressive Line Processing of Kernel RX Anomaly Detection Algorithm for Hyperspectral Imagery

Design of a New Ultracompact Resonant Plasmonic Multi-Analyte Label-Free Biosensing Platform

An Ultra-Low Power Turning Angle Based Biomedical Signal Compression Engine with Adaptive Threshold Tuning

Thermal Infrared Pedestrian Image Segmentation Using Level Set Method

A Highly Sensitive Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensor Based on the Regulatory Effect of Glucose on Electrochemical Behaviors of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles on MoS2

Assessing the Utility of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors over a 12-Week Period in the Cuyama Valley of California

An Optimized, Data Distribution Service-Based Solution for Reliable Data Exchange Among Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

Energy-Based Metrics for Arthroscopic Skills Assessment

Adaptive Indoor Positioning Model Based on WLAN-Fingerprinting for Dynamic and Multi-Floor Environments

An RFID Indoor Positioning Algorithm Based on Bayesian Probability and K-Nearest Neighbor

A Study of Thermistor Performance within a Textile Structure

A New Method to Estimate Changes in Glacier Surface Elevation Based on Polynomial Fitting of Sparse ICESat—GLAS Footprints

Current Status of HbA1c Biosensors

Genotyping and Bio-Sensing Chemosensory Proteins in Insects

III–V-on-Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits for Spectroscopic Sensing in the 2–4 μm Wavelength Range

A Foot-Arch Parameter Measurement System Using a RGB-D Camera

Trusted and Secure Wireless Sensor Network Designs and Deployments

A Compact Energy Harvesting System for Outdoor Wireless Sensor Nodes Based on a Low-Cost In Situ Photovoltaic Panel Characterization-Modelling Unit

A Multiscale Material Testing System for In Situ Optical and Electron Microscopes and Its Application

Cross-Calibration between ASTER and MODIS Visible to Near-Infrared Bands for Improvement of ASTER Radiometric Calibration

RGCA: A Reliable GPU Cluster Architecture for Large-Scale Internet of Things Computing Based on Effective Performance-Energy Optimization

A Reliable Handoff Mechanism for Mobile Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Detection of Four Distinct Volatile Indicators of Colorectal Cancer using Functionalized Titania Nanotubular Arrays

A Dimensionality Reduction-Based Multi-Step Clustering Method for Robust Vessel Trajectory Analysis

A Visual-Based Approach for Indoor Radio Map Construction Using Smartphones

A 3D Laser Profiling System for Rail Surface Defect Detection

Curve Set Feature-Based Robust and Fast Pose Estimation Algorithm

Feasibility of a Secure Wireless Sensing Smartwatch Application for the Self-Management of Pediatric Asthma

A Practical Model of Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Actual Applications

Vehicle Speed and Length Estimation Using Data from Two Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) Sensors

Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review

Constrained Active Learning for Anchor Link Prediction Across Multiple Heterogeneous Social Networks

Investigation of Exhaled Breath Samples from Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and an Exhaled Breath Sensor System

Barrier Coverage for 3D Camera Sensor Networks

Accuracy Analysis of a Dam Model from Drone Surveys

Monocular Vision-Based Underwater Object Detection

Direction-of-Arrival Estimation with Coarray ESPRIT for Coprime Array

Combining Multi-Agent Systems and Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Crop Irrigation

Full-Duplex Cooperative Sensing for Spectrum-Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks

An Acquisition Scheme Based on a Matched Filter for Novel Communication and Navigation Fusion Signals

Hyperspectral and Radar Airborne Imagery over Controlled Release of Oil at Sea

Heart Rate Detection Using Microsoft Kinect: Validation and Comparison to Wearable Devices

A Magnetic-Balanced Inductive Link for the Simultaneous Uplink Data and Power Telemetry

Sensitivity and Frequency-Response Improvement of a Thermal Convection–Based Accelerometer

Integrating Optimal Heterogeneous Sensor Deployment and Operation Strategies for Dynamic Origin-Destination Demand Estimation

Hybrid Structure Multichannel All-Fiber Current Sensor

A Simple and Inexpensive Electrochemical Assay for the Identification of Nitrogen Containing Explosives in the Field

Parametric Optimization of Lateral NIPIN Phototransistors for Flexible Image Sensors

Highly Sensitive Hot-Wire Anemometry Based on Macro-Sized Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Strands

Optimization Techniques for Design Problems in Selected Areas in WSNs: A Tutorial

Optimization of a VOC Sensor with a Bilayered Diaphragm Using FBAR as Strain Sensing Elements

Two Hop Adaptive Vector Based Quality Forwarding for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs

An Adaptive Impedance Matching Network with Closed Loop Control Algorithm for Inductive Wireless Power Transfer

An Opto-Electronic Sensor for Detecting Soil Microarthropods and Estimating Their Size in Field Conditions

Deformation Monitoring of Metro Tunnel with a New Ultrasonic-Based System

Context- and Template-Based Compression for Efficient Management of Data Models in Resource-Constrained Systems

A Chip for Estrogen Receptor Action: Detection of Biomarkers Released by MCF-7 Cells through Estrogenic and Anti-Estrogenic Effects

Impedance Matching Antenna-Integrated High-Efficiency Energy Harvesting Circuit

Development of Wearable Sheet-Type Shear Force Sensor and Measurement System that is Insusceptible to Temperature and Pressure

Imaging of Subsurface Corrosion Using Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probes with Uniform Field Excitation

On-Chip High-Finesse Fabry-Perot Microcavities for Optical Sensing and Quantum Information

A Method to Reduce Non-Nominal Troposphere Error

Identification and Quantification of Celery Allergens Using Fiber Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance PCR

A Miniaturized QEPAS Trace Gas Sensor with a 3D-Printed Acoustic Detection Module

Practical Considerations before Installing Ground-Based Geodetic Infrastructure for Integrated InSAR and cGNSS Monitoring of Vertical Land Motion

Assessment of Chlorophyll-a Algorithms Considering Different Trophic Statuses and Optimal Bands

A Framework to Improve Energy Efficient Behaviour at Home through Activity and Context Monitoring

Sparse Representation Based Frequency Detection and Uncertainty Reduction in Blade Tip Timing Measurement for Multi-Mode Blade Vibration Monitoring

Crowd Sensing-Enabling Security Service Recommendation for Social Fog Computing Systems

Olive Actual “on Year” Yield Forecast Tool Based on the Tree Canopy Geometry Using UAS Imagery

Nanometric Integrated Temperature and Thermal Sensors in CMOS-SOI Technology

Simultaneous Indoor Tracking and Activity Recognition Using Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors

A Solar Position Sensor Based on Image Vision

Flexible Mixed-Potential-Type (MPT) NO2 Sensor Based on An Ultra-Thin Ceramic Film

Position, Orientation and Velocity Detection of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) Using an Optical Detector Array

Real-Time Electrical Bioimpedance Characterization of Neointimal Tissue for Stent Applications

Determination of the State of Strain of Large Floating Covers Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Aided Photogrammetry

Load Identification for a Cantilever Beam Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

Cupula-Inspired Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogel Encapsulation to Form Biomimetic MEMS Flow Sensors

A Novel Detection Method for Underwater Moving Targets by Measuring Their ELF Emissions with Inductive Sensors

Automated Water Quality Survey and Evaluation Using an IoT Platform with Mobile Sensor Nodes

Aptamer-Modified Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Biosensing Applications

An Ensemble Deep Convolutional Neural Network Model with Improved D-S Evidence Fusion for Bearing Fault Diagnosis

Portable Multispectral Colorimeter for Metallic Ion Detection and Classification

A Long-Distance RF-Powered Sensor Node with Adaptive Power Management for IoT Applications

Multi-Robot Interfaces and Operator Situational Awareness: Study of the Impact of Immersion and Prediction

IoT Service Clustering for Dynamic Service Matchmaking

Advances in Testing Techniques for Digital Microfluidic Biochips

Seamline Determination Based on PKGC Segmentation for Remote Sensing Image Mosaicking

Optimization of Detection Accuracy of Closed-Loop Optical Voltage Sensors Based on Pockels Effect

Establishment of a Site-Specific Tropospheric Model Based on Ground Meteorological Parameters over the China Region

Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Sensor Applications

Evaluation of Shifted Excitation Raman Difference Spectroscopy and Comparison to Computational Background Correction Methods Applied to Biochemical Raman Spectra

Curvature and Temperature Measurement Based on a Few-Mode PCF Formed M-Z-I and an Embedded FBG

A Disposable Amperometric Sensor Based on High-Performance PEDOT:PSS/Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite Thin Film-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for the Analysis of Catechol in Natural Water Samples

An Automatic Multi-Target Independent Analysis Framework for Non-Planar Infrared-Visible Registration

Pulsed Polarization-Based NOx Sensors of YSZ Films Produced by the Aerosol Deposition Method and by Screen-Printing

Exploiting Concurrent Wake-Up Transmissions Using Beat Frequencies

A Critical Review of Surveys Emphasizing on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks—An Anatomization under General Survey Design Framework

Effects of Ambient Temperature and Relative Humidity on Subsurface Defect Detection in Concrete Structures by Active Thermal Imaging

Parameterized Pseudo-Localization for Accurate and Efficient Moving Targets Imaging in Synthetic Aperture Radar

High-Temporal-Resolution High-Spatial-Resolution Spaceborne SAR Based on Continuously Varying PRF

Applications Based on Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) in the Field of Home Healthcare

New Matching Method for Accelerometers in Gravity Gradiometer

In-Network Computation of the Optimal Weighting Matrix for Distributed Consensus on Wireless Sensor Networks

Analysis of the Optimum Gain of a High-Pass L-Matching Network for Rectennas

Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Metabolite Pyocyanin in Water and Saliva by Employing the SERS Technique

Miniaturisation of Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurement Systems Using Low-Cost, Miniaturised Machine Vision Cameras

Complexation-Based Detection of Nickel(II) at a Graphene-Chelate Probe in the Presence of Cobalt and Zinc by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry

A Novel Dual Separate Paths (DSP) Algorithm Providing Fault-Tolerant Communication for Wireless Sensor Networks

Unambiguous Imaging of Static Scenes and Moving Targets with the First Chinese Dual-Channel Spaceborne SAR Sensor

Grading of Chinese Cantonese Sausage Using Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Chemometric Methods

Preliminary Assessment of Wind and Wave Retrieval from Chinese Gaofen-3 SAR Imagery

A Brief Review of OPT101 Sensor Application in Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Instrumentation for Intensive Care Unit Clinics

Recent Advancements towards Full-System Microfluidics

A True-Color Sensor and Suitable Evaluation Algorithm for Plant Recognition

Content Provider	MDPI
Author	Schmittmann, Oliver Schulze Lammers, Peter
Abstract	Plant-specific herbicide application requires sensor systems for plant recognition and differentiation. A literature review reveals a lack of sensor systems capable of recognizing small weeds in early stages of development (in the two- or four-leaf stage) and crop plants, of making spraying decisions in real time and, in addition, are that are inexpensive and ready for practical use in sprayers. The system described in this work is based on free cascadable and programmable true-color sensors for real-time recognition and identification of individual weed and crop plants. The application of this type of sensor is suitable for municipal areas and farmland with and without crops to perform the site-specific application of herbicides. Initially, databases with reflection properties of plants, natural and artificial backgrounds were created. Crop and weed plants should be recognized by the use of mathematical algorithms and decision models based on these data. They include the characteristic color spectrum, as well as the reflectance characteristics of unvegetated areas and areas with organic material. The CIE-Lab color-space was chosen for color matching because it contains information not only about coloration (a- and b-channel), but also about luminance (L-channel), thus increasing accuracy. Four different decision making algorithms based on different parameters are explained: (i) color similarity (ΔE); (ii) color similarity split in ΔL, Δa and Δb; (iii) a virtual channel ‘d’ and (iv) statistical distribution of the differences of reflection backgrounds and plants. Afterwards, the detection success of the recognition system is described. Furthermore, the minimum weed/plant coverage of the measuring spot was calculated by a mathematical model. Plants with a size of 1–5% of the spot can be recognized, and weeds in the two-leaf stage can be identified with a measuring spot size of 5 cm. By choosing a decision model previously, the detection quality can be increased. Depending on the characteristics of the background, different models are suitable. Finally, the results of field trials on municipal areas (with models of plants), winter wheat fields (with artificial plants) and grassland (with dock) are shown. In each experimental variant, objects and weeds could be recognized.
File Size	8275968
File Format	PDF
e-ISSN	14248220
DOI	10.3390/s17081823
Journal	Sensors
Issue Number	8
Volume Number	17
Language	English
Publisher Date	2017-08-08
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	CIE-Lab precision plant protection optical sensor weed control
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

Central Library (ISO-9001:2015 Certified)
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur, West Bengal, India | PIN - 721302

See location in the Map
03222 282435
Mail: support@ndl.gov.in

Sl.	Authority	Responsibilities	Communication Details
1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
5	Website/Portal (Helpdesk)	Queries regarding NDLI and its services	support@ndl.gov.in
6	Contents and Copyright Issues	Queries related to content curation and copyright issues	content@ndl.gov.in
7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
8	Digital Preservation Centre (DPC)	Assistance with digitizing and archiving copyright-free printed books	dpc@ndl.gov.in
9	IDR Setup or Support	Queries related to establishment and support of Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) and IDR workshops	idr@ndl.gov.in