NDLI: Plant Defense against Insect Herbivores

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Plant Defense against Insect Herbivores

Content Provider	MDPI
Author	Fürstenberg-Hägg, Joel Zagrobelny, Mika Bak, Søren
Abstract	Plants have been interacting with insects for several hundred million years, leading to complex defense approaches against various insect feeding strategies. Some defenses are constitutive while others are induced, although the insecticidal defense compound or protein classes are often similar. Insect herbivory induce several internal signals from the wounded tissues, including calcium ion fluxes, phosphorylation cascades and systemic- and jasmonate signaling. These are perceived in undamaged tissues, which thereafter reinforce their defense by producing different, mostly low molecular weight, defense compounds. These bioactive specialized plant defense compounds may repel or intoxicate insects, while defense proteins often interfere with their digestion. Volatiles are released upon herbivory to repel herbivores, attract predators or for communication between leaves or plants, and to induce defense responses. Plants also apply morphological features like waxes, trichomes and latices to make the feeding more difficult for the insects. Extrafloral nectar, food bodies and nesting or refuge sites are produced to accommodate and feed the predators of the herbivores. Meanwhile, herbivorous insects have adapted to resist plant defenses, and in some cases even sequester the compounds and reuse them in their own defense. Both plant defense and insect adaptation involve metabolic costs, so most plant-insect interactions reach a stand-off, where both host and herbivore survive although their development is suboptimal.
File Size	1069056
Ending Page	10297
Page Count	56
Starting Page	10242
File Format	PDF
e-ISSN	14220067
DOI	10.3390/ijms140510242
Journal	International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Issue Number	5
Volume Number	14
Language	English
Publisher Date	2013-05-16
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	plant-insect interactions wound signals systemic signaling jasmonates oligogalacturonic acids hydrogen peroxide direct and indirect defense responses bioactive specialized compounds digestibility reduction
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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