NDLI: Real Time Artificial Neural Network FPGA Implementation for Triple Coincidences Recovery in PET

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Geoffroy, C. Michaud, J.-B. Tetrault, M.-A. Clerk-Lamalice, J. Brunet, C.-A. Lecomte, R. Fontaine, R.
Copyright Year	1963
Abstract	In small-animal Positron Emission Tomography (PET), spatial resolution improvements rely on detector minimization in size and often come at the expense of lowering the detector photoelectric fraction. As a result, Inter-Crystal Scatter (ICS) occurrences are increased and affect the overall PET detection efficiency. To reclaim some lost efficiency, previous work used an artificial neural network (ANN) to identify the true line of response (LOR) for the simplest multiple event detection case, three coincident singles known as triplets. Despite promising results, this method is limited to an offline processing which is impractical when a limited data bandwidth is present between the scanner and the PC. This paper demonstrates the capability of processing triplets in real time using an ANN implemented in the field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The ANN pipelined architecture can process over 1 million triplets/second using less than 6000 FPGA slices. Real time processing on the LabPET I scanner yielded an overall 39.7% increase in detection efficiency relative to traditional high resolution settings with a 360-660 keV energy window along with a slight Contrast-to-Noise Ratio ( CNR) degradation. Although improvements are still possible, the proposed FPGA implementation proves the usability of an ANN in real time PET applications in conditions where spare computational resources are limited and the data rate to be processed is high.
Sponsorship	IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society Computer Applications in Nuclear and Plasma Sciences (CANPS) Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. APS College of William and Mary Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility NASA Defence Nuclear Agency Sandia National Laboratories Jet Propulsion Laboratory Brookhaven Nat. Lab. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab IEEE/NPPS Radiat. Effects Committee Defence Nuclear Agency/DoD Sandia National Laboratories/DOE Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA Phillips Lab./DoD
Starting Page	824
Ending Page	831
Page Count	8
File Size	1023578
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00189499
Volume Number	62
Issue Number	3
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2015-01-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Artificial neural networks Field programmable gate arrays Neurons Positron emission tomography Real-time systems Engines Image reconstruction positron emission tomography (PET) Artificial neural network (ANN) detection efficiency field programmable gate array (FPGA) inter-crystal scatter (ICS) line-of-response (LOR) multiple coincidences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nuclear and High Energy Physics Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nuclear Energy and Engineering

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