NDLI: LabPET II, an APD-based Detector Module with PET and Counting CT Imaging Capabilities

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Bergeron, M. Thibaudeau, C. Cadorette, J. Tetrault, M.-A. Pepin, C.M. Clerk-Lamalice, J. Loignon-Houle, F. Davies, M. Dautet, H. Deschamps, P. Fontaine, R. Lecomte, R.
Copyright Year	1963
Abstract	Computed tomography (CT) is currently the standard modality to provide anatomical reference for positron emission tomography (PET) in molecular imaging applications. Since both PET and CT rely on detecting radiation to generate images, using the same detection system for data acquisition is a compelling idea even though merging PET and CT hardware imposes stringent requirements on detectors. These requirements include large signal dynamic range with high signal-to-noise ratio for good energy resolution in PET and energy-resolved photon-counting CT, high pixelization for suitable spatial resolution in CT, and high count rate capability for reasonable CT acquisition time. To meet these criteria, the avalanche photodiode (APD)-based LabPET II module is proposed as the building block for a truly combined PET/CT scanner. The module is made of two monolithic 4×8 APD pixel arrays mounted side-by-side on a custom ceramic holder. Individual APD pixels have an active area of 1.1×1.1 mm² at a 1.2 mm pitch. The APD arrays are coupled to a 12-mm high, 8 ×8 LYSO scintillator array made of 1.12 ×1.12 mm² pixels also at a pitch of 1.2 mm to ensure direct one-to-one coupling to individual APD pixels. The scintillator array was designed with unbound specular reflective material between pixels to maximize the difference between refractive indices and enhance total internal reflection at the crystal side surfaces for better light collection, and the APD quantum efficiency was improved to ~ 60% at 420 nm to optimize intrinsic detector performance. Mean energy resolution was 20 ±1% at 511 keV and 41±4% at 60 keV. The measured intrinsic spatial and time resolution for PET were respectively 0.81 ±0.04 mm FWHM/1.57 ±0.04 mm FWTM and 3.6±0.3 ns FWHM with an energy threshold of 400 keV. Initial phantom images obtained using a CT test bench demonstrated excellent contrast linearity as a function of material density. With a magnification factor of 2, a CT spatial resolution of 0.66 mm FWHM/1.2 mm FWTM, corresponding to 1.18 lp/mm at MTF10%/0.67 lp/mm at MTF50%, was measured, allowing 0.75 mm air holes in an Ultra-Micro Hot Spot resolution phantom to be clearly distinguished.
Sponsorship	IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society Computer Applications in Nuclear and Plasma Sciences (CANPS) Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. APS College of William and Mary Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility NASA Defence Nuclear Agency Sandia National Laboratories Jet Propulsion Laboratory Brookhaven Nat. Lab. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab IEEE/NPPS Radiat. Effects Committee Defence Nuclear Agency/DoD Sandia National Laboratories/DOE Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA Phillips Lab./DoD
Starting Page	756
Ending Page	765
Page Count	10
File Size	1689625
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00189499
Volume Number	62
Issue Number	3
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2015-01-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Computed tomography Positron emission tomography Detectors Energy resolution Spatial resolution Crystals scintillators Avalanche photodiodes (APD) computed tomography (CT) dual modality positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) positron emission tomography (PET)
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nuclear and High Energy Physics Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nuclear Energy and Engineering

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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