NDLI: Signal-to-Noise and Contrast Ratio Enhancements by Quasi-Monochromatic Imaging

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Zentai, G.
Copyright Year	1963
Abstract	Computed tomography (CT) exams provide orders of magnitude higher radiation than a single-view X-ray. The chance of getting cancer from X-ray radiation has been increasing by 1.5-2% at every CT exam. Therefore, decreasing the dose per CT exam is a major goal. The aims of this study were to find out how one can improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) or decrease the dose with the same S/N in mammography CT and how to improve the contrast ratio for I (iodine) contrast imaging. Iodine has been used for intravenous injection to detect any blockage in blood circulation by X-rays. Moreover, iodine also accumulates in cancer cells, as described in this paper, so it is used to increase the contrast of breast tumor images. It was studied how special breast imaging modalities, specifically CT, could benefit from the quasimonochromatic radiation at higher energy levels. This paper gives an overview of different techniques to generate quasi-monochromatic X-ray radiation and emphasizes the advantages of the K-edge filtering method when the K-edge energy of the X-ray filter material is close to the K-edge of iodine, which is about 33 keV. Several K-edge filters are compared, and the results of the CT experiments are discussed, which prove that, using the right material, the iodine X-ray contrast image can be improved by >; 25%, and simultaneously, the dose to the patient can be decreased by a factor of two or more while keeping the same signal-to-noise ratio as without K-edge filtering. This is a very significant advancement for CT screening of women who has been suspected of breast cancer. This paper also emphasizes the importance of Hounsfield unit calibration when using different filters and highlights the magnitude of errors if it has not been done right.
Sponsorship	IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society Bureau international des poids et mesures IEEE International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) URSI NBS Agency Ind. Sci. & Technol., Min. Int. Trade & Ind. Sci. Council Japan International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) NIST NRCC National Conference of Standards Laboratories (NCSL) Allen Osborne Associates Andeen-Hagerling, Inc. Ballantine Lab. Inc. Clarke-Hess Communications Research Corp. Fluke Corporation Guildline Instruments Hewlett-Packard Co. Julie Res. Lab. Inc. Keithley Instruments, Inc. Measurements International Ltd. Canada QuadTech Inc. Quantum Design Inc. Rotek Instrum. Corp. Tegam Inc. Tektronix Inc
Starting Page	908
Ending Page	915
Page Count	8
File Size	930031
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00189456
Volume Number	60
Issue Number	3
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2011-03-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	X-ray imaging Computed tomography Materials Anodes Image reconstruction Phantoms X-ray radiology Computed tomography (CT) flat-panel imaging arrays imaging imaging detectors K-edge filters quasi-monochromatic X-ray imaging
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Instrumentation Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
5	Website/Portal (Helpdesk)	Queries regarding NDLI and its services	support@ndl.gov.in
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7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
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9	IDR Setup or Support	Queries related to establishment and support of Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) and IDR workshops	idr@ndl.gov.in

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