NDLI: Monitoring the Impact of Land Cover Change on Surface Urban Heat Island through Google Earth Engine: Proposal of a Global Methodology, First Applications and Problems

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An Improved Digital Elevation Model of the Lunar Mons Rümker Region Based on Multisource Altimeter Data

Land Surface Temperature and Urban Density: Multiyear Modeling and Relationship Analysis Using MODIS and Landsat Data

High-Resolution Forest Mapping from TanDEM-X Interferometric Data Exploiting Nonlocal Filtering

Forest Variable Estimation Using a High Altitude Single Photon Lidar System

Hyperspectral Target Detection via Adaptive Information—Theoretic Metric Learning with Local Constraints

Extracting Building Boundaries from High Resolution Optical Images and LiDAR Data by Integrating the Convolutional Neural Network and the Active Contour Model

Drought-Induced Reduction in Net Primary Productivity across Mainland China from 1982 to 2015

Monitoring of Thermal Activity at the Hatchobaru–Otake Geothermal Area in Japan Using Multi-Source Satellite Images—With Comparisons of Methods, and Solar and Seasonal Effects

Tracking Fine-Scale Structural Changes in Coastal Dune Morphology Using Kite Aerial Photography and Uncertainty-Assessed Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry

Mapping High Mountain Lakes Using Space-Borne Near-Nadir SAR Observations

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3D Point Cloud Semantic Modelling: Integrated Framework for Indoor Spaces and Furniture

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Joint SAR Image Time Series and PSInSAR Data Analytics: An LDA Based Approach

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Assessing the Variability of Corn and Soybean Yields in Central Iowa Using High Spatiotemporal Resolution Multi-Satellite Imagery

3D Façade Labeling over Complex Scenarios: A Case Study Using Convolutional Neural Network and Structure-From-Motion

Comparison of C-Band Quad-Polarization Synthetic Aperture Radar Wind Retrieval Models

FVI—A Floating Vegetation Index Formed with Three Near-IR Channels in the 1.0–1.24 μm Spectral Range for the Detection of Vegetation Floating over Water Surfaces

Image Segmentation Parameter Selection and Ant Colony Optimization for Date Palm Tree Detection and Mapping from Very-High-Spatial-Resolution Aerial Imagery

Deformable Faster R-CNN with Aggregating Multi-Layer Features for Partially Occluded Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images

Mapping Individual Tree Species and Vitality along Urban Road Corridors with LiDAR and Imaging Sensors: Point Density versus View Perspective

Modelling the L-Band Snow-Covered Surface Emission in a Winter Canadian Prairie Environment

Remotely Estimating Beneficial Arthropod Populations: Implications of a Low-Cost Small Unmanned Aerial System

Evaluation of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Scalable Classification of Tree Types and Tree Species Based on Sentinel-2 Data

Evaluation of Semi-Analytical Algorithms to Retrieve Particulate and Dissolved Absorption Coefficients in Gulf of California Optically Complex Waters

DEM Generation from Multi Satellite PlanetScope Imagery

Imaging Simulation for Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Full-Wave Approach

Observing Water Vapour in the Planetary Boundary Layer from the Short-Wave Infrared

Reducing the Uncertainty of Lidar Measurements in Complex Terrain Using a Linear Model Approach

Detecting Building Edges from High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery Using Richer Convolution Features Network

Can Multispectral Information Improve Remotely Sensed Estimates of Total Suspended Solids? A Statistical Study in Chesapeake Bay

Improving Data Quality for the Australian High Frequency Ocean Radar Network through Real-Time and Delayed-Mode Quality-Control Procedures

Investigation of the Fetch Effect Using Onshore and Offshore Vertical LiDAR Devices

Mapping Mangrove Extent and Change: A Globally Applicable Approach

Evaluation of SMAP Freeze/Thaw Retrieval Accuracy at Core Validation Sites in the Contiguous United States

Underground Object Classification for Urban Roads Using Instantaneous Phase Analysis of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data

Long-Term Changes in Water Clarity in Lake Liangzi Determined by Remote Sensing

Evaluating the Performance of Sentinel-2, Landsat 8 and Pléiades-1 in Mapping Mangrove Extent and Species

MiRTaW: An Algorithm for Atmospheric Temperature and Water Vapor Profile Estimation from ATMS Measurements Using a Random Forests Technique

Applications of DINEOF to Satellite-Derived Chlorophyll-a from a Productive Coastal Region

Method Combining Probability Integration Model and a Small Baseline Subset for Time Series Monitoring of Mining Subsidence

Using APAR to Predict Aboveground Plant Productivity in Semi-Aid Rangelands: Spatial and Temporal Relationships Differ

The Contribution of Terrestrial Laser Scanning to the Analysis of Cliff Slope Stability in Sugano (Central Italy)

Irrigation Mapping Using Sentinel-1 Time Series at Field Scale

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Characterization of Arctic Ice-Wedge Polygons in Very High Spatial Resolution Aerial Imagery

Mesoscale Resolution Radar Data Assimilation Experiments with the Harmonie Model

WeedMap: A Large-Scale Semantic Weed Mapping Framework Using Aerial Multispectral Imaging and Deep Neural Network for Precision Farming

Assessment of Forest above Ground Biomass Estimation Using Multi-Temporal C-band Sentinel-1 and Polarimetric L-band PALSAR-2 Data

Remote Sensing of Antarctic Glacier and Ice-Shelf Front Dynamics—A Review

Component Analysis of Errors in Four GPM-Based Precipitation Estimations over Mainland China

Surface Moisture and Vegetation Cover Analysis for Drought Monitoring in the Southern Kruger National Park Using Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Landsat-8

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Source Model and Stress Disturbance of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou Mw 6.5 Earthquake Constrained by InSAR and GPS Measurements

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Wind Direction Inversion from Narrow-Beam HF Radar Backscatter Signals in Low and High Wind Conditions at Different Radar Frequencies

Scale Matters: Spatially Partitioned Unsupervised Segmentation Parameter Optimization for Large and Heterogeneous Satellite Images

Deep&Dense Convolutional Neural Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification

A Microwave Tomography Strategy for Underwater Imaging via Ground Penetrating Radar

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Development of Raman Lidar for Remote Sensing of CO2 Leakage at an Artificial Carbon Capture and Storage Site

Satellite-Based Water Consumption Dynamics Monitoring in an Extremely Arid Area

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Quantitative Responses of Satellite-Derived Nighttime Lighting Signals to Anthropogenic Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes across China

Thermal Imaging for the Archaeological Investigation of Historic Buildings

Mapping Inter-Annual Land Cover Variations Automatically Based on a Novel Sample Transfer Method

Economic Assessment of Fire Damage to Urban Forest in the Wildland–Urban Interface Using Planet Satellites Constellation Images

Recent Progress and Developments in Imaging Spectroscopy

Time-Varying SAR Interference Suppression Based on Delay-Doppler Iterative Decomposition Algorithm

Investigation of Ground Deformation in Taiyuan Basin, China from 2003 to 2010, with Atmosphere-Corrected Time Series InSAR

Supervised Classification of Multisensor Remotely Sensed Images Using a Deep Learning Framework

Reply to Vauhkonen: Comment on Tompalski et al. Combining Multi-Date Airborne Laser Scanning and Digital Aerial Photogrammetric Data for Forest Growth and Yield Modelling. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 347

Monitoring and Analysis of Surface Deformation in Mining Area Based on InSAR and GRACE

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Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating Land Surface Temperature from Landsat 8-TIRS Sensor Data

Recovery Rates of Wetland Vegetation Greenness in Severely Burned Ecosystems of Alaska Derived from Satellite Image Analysis

Recent Progress in Quantitative Land Remote Sensing in China

Assessing L-Band GNSS-Reflectometry and Imaging Radar for Detecting Sub-Canopy Inundation Dynamics in a Tropical Wetlands Complex

Dynamics of Permafrost Coasts of Baydaratskaya Bay (Kara Sea) Based on Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Data

Monitoring the Impact of Land Cover Change on Surface Urban Heat Island through Google Earth Engine: Proposal of a Global Methodology, First Applications and Problems

Potential of Red Edge Spectral Bands in Future Landsat Satellites on Agroecosystem Canopy Green Leaf Area Index Retrieval

Monitoring Retreat of Coastal Sandy Systems Using Geomatics Techniques: Somo Beach (Cantabrian Coast, Spain, 1875–2017)

Estimation of Methane Emissions from Rice Paddies in the Mekong Delta Based on Land Surface Dynamics Characterization with Remote Sensing

Investigations on the Coregistration of Sentinel-1 TOPS with the Conventional Cross-Correlation Technique

Analyzing the Effect of Fluorescence Characteristics on Leaf Nitrogen Concentration Estimation

Zero Deforestation Agreement Assessment at Farm Level in Colombia Using ALOS PALSAR

In-Flight Calibration and Performance of the OSIRIS-REx Visible and IR Spectrometer (OVIRS)

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Harnessing the Temporal Dimension to Improve Object-Based Image Analysis Classification of Wetlands

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A Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis of the Underlying Factors Related to the Surface Urban Heat Island Phenomenon

Multi-Stream Convolutional Neural Network for SAR Automatic Target Recognition

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A Super-Resolution and Fusion Approach to Enhancing Hyperspectral Images

Road Extraction from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery Using Deep Learning

Exploring the Inclusion of Small Regenerating Trees to Improve Above-Ground Forest Biomass Estimation Using Geospatial Data

Mapping Population Distribution from High Resolution Remotely Sensed Imagery in a Data Poor Setting

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In-Situ and Remote Sensing Platforms for Mapping Fine-Fuels and Fuel-Types in Sonoran Semi-Desert Grasslands

Evaluation of PROBA-V Collection 1: Refined Radiometry, Geometry, and Cloud Screening

Simulation of Bidirectional Reflectance in Broken Clouds: From Individual Realization to Averaging over an Ensemble of Cloud Fields

Validation of CryoSat-2 SARIn Data over Austfonna Ice Cap Using Airborne Laser Scanner Measurements

Comparing the Performance of Neural Network and Deep Convolutional Neural Network in Estimating Soil Moisture from Satellite Observations

Using SAR-Derived Vegetation Descriptors in a Water Cloud Model to Improve Soil Moisture Retrieval

Integration of Terrestrial and Drone-Borne Hyperspectral and Photogrammetric Sensing Methods for Exploration Mapping and Mining Monitoring

An Evaluation of MODIS-Retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth over AERONET Sites in Alaska

Mapping Mangrove Forests Based on Multi-Tidal High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

On the Very High-Resolution Radar Image Statistics of the Exponentially Correlated Rough Surface: Experimental and Numerical Studies

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A Forest Attribute Mapping Framework: A Pilot Study in a Northern Boreal Forest, Northwest Territories, Canada

A Speckle Filtering Method Based on Hypothesis Testing for Time-Series SAR Images

Analysis Ready Data: Enabling Analysis of the Landsat Archive

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Monitoring of the 2015 Villarrica Volcano Eruption by Means of DLR's Experimental TET-1 Satellite

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Land-Use Carbon Emissions Estimation for the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration Using 1994–2016 Landsat Image Data

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Antarctic Snowmelt Detected by Diurnal Variations of AMSR-E Brightness Temperature

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ERN: Edge Loss Reinforced Semantic Segmentation Network for Remote Sensing Images

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Integration of Low-Resolution ALS and Ground-Based SfM Photogrammetry Data. A Cost-Effective Approach Providing an 'Enhanced 3D Model' of the Hound Tor Archaeological Landscapes (Dartmoor, South-West England)

Statistical Machine Learning Methods and Remote Sensing for Sustainable Development Goals: A Review

Evaluating the Potential of ALS Data to Increase the Efficiency of Aboveground Biomass Estimates in Tropical Peat–Swamp Forests

A Hierarchical Association Framework for Multi-Object Tracking in Airborne Videos

Transferability and Upscaling of Fuzzy Classification for Shoreline Change over 30 Years

Estimating Fire Background Temperature at a Geostationary Scale—An Evaluation of Contextual Methods for AHI-8

Assessment of MODIS, OMI, MISR and CALIOP Aerosol Products for Estimating Surface Visual Range: A Mathematical Model for Hong Kong

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Estimation of Terrestrial Global Gross Primary Production (GPP) with Satellite Data-Driven Models and Eddy Covariance Flux Data

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Co-Seismic and Postseismic Fault Models of the 2018 Mw 6.4 Hualien Earthquake Occurred in the Junction of Collision and Subduction Boundaries Offshore Eastern Taiwan

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Estimation of Size-Fractionated Primary Production from Satellite Ocean Colour in UK Shelf Seas

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Monitoring the Impact of Land Cover Change on Surface Urban Heat Island through Google Earth Engine: Proposal of a Global Methodology, First Applications and Problems

Content Provider	Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Author	Roberta Ravanelli Andrea Nascetti Raffaella Valeria Cirigliano Clarissa Di Rico Giovanni Leuzzi Paolo Monti Mattia Crespi
Abstract	All over the world, the rapid urbanization process is challenging the sustainable development of our cities. In 2015, the United Nation highlighted in Goal 11 of the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) the importance to “Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. In order to monitor progress regarding SDG 11, there is a need for proper indicators, representing different aspects of city conditions, obviously including the Land Cover (LC) changes and the urban climate with its most distinct feature, the Urban Heat Island (UHI). One of the aspects of UHI is the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI), which has been investigated through airborne and satellite remote sensing over many years. The purpose of this work is to show the present potential of Google Earth Engine (GEE) to process the huge and continuously increasing free satellite Earth Observation (EO) Big Data for long-term and wide spatio-temporal monitoring of SUHI and its connection with LC changes. A large-scale spatio-temporal procedure was implemented under GEE, also benefiting from the already established Climate Engine (CE) tool to extract the Land Surface Temperature (LST) from Landsat imagery and the simple indicator Detrended Rate Matrix was introduced to globally represent the net effect of LC changes on SUHI. The implemented procedure was successfully applied to six metropolitan areas in the U.S., and a general increasing of SUHI due to urban growth was clearly highlighted. As a matter of fact, GEE indeed allowed us to process more than 6000 Landsat images acquired over the period 1992–2011, performing a long-term and wide spatio-temporal study on SUHI vs. LC change monitoring. The present feasibility of the proposed procedure and the encouraging obtained results, although preliminary and requiring further investigations (calibration problems related to LST determination from Landsat imagery were evidenced), pave the way for a possible global service on SUHI monitoring, able to supply valuable indications to address an increasingly sustainable urban planning of our cities.
e-ISSN	20724292
DOI	10.3390/rs10091488
Journal	Remote Sensing
Issue Number	9
Volume Number	10
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI AG
Publisher Date	2018-09-01
Publisher Place	Switzerland
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Science Sdg Surface Urban Heat Island Geo Big Data Google Earth Engine Global Monitoring Service
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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