NDLI: An optimal memory allocation scheme for scratch-pad-based embedded systems

Content Provider	ACM Digital Library
Author	Barua, Rajeev Avissar, Oren Stewart, Dave
Copyright Year	2002
Abstract	This article presents a technique for the efficient compiler management of software-exposed heterogeneous memory. In many lower-end embedded chips, often used in microcontrollers and DSP processors, heterogeneous memory units such as scratch-pad SRAM, internal DRAM, external DRAM, and ROM are visible directly to the software, without automatic management by a hardware caching mechanism. Instead, the memory units are mapped to different portions of the address space. Caches are avoided due to their cost and power consumption, and because they make it difficult to guarantee real-time performance. For this important class of embedded chips, the allocation of data to different memory units to maximize performance is the responsibility of the software.Current practice typically leaves it to the programmer to partition the data among different memory units. We present a compiler strategy that automatically partitions the data among the memory units. We show that this strategy is optimal, relative to the profile run, among all static partitions for global and stack data. For the first time, our allocation scheme for stacks distributes the stack among multiple memory units. For global and stack data, the scheme is provably equal to or better than any other compiler scheme or set of programmer annotations. Results from our benchmarks show a 44.2% reduction in runtime from using our distributed stack strategy vs. using a unified stack, and a further 11.8% reduction in runtime from using a linear optimization strategy for allocation vs. a simpler greedy strategy; both in the case of the SRAM size being 20% of the total data size. For some programs, less than 5% of data in SRAM achieves a similar speedup.
Starting Page	6
Ending Page	26
Page Count	21
File Format	PDF
ISSN	15399087
e-ISSN	15583465
DOI	10.1145/581888.581891
Volume Number	1
Issue Number	1
Journal	ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Language	English
Publisher	Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Publisher Date	2002-11-01
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Memory Allocation Embedded Heterogeneous Storage
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Hardware and Architecture Software

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