NDLI: Comparison between pulsed laser and frequency-domain photoacoustic modalities: signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, resolution, and maximum depth detectivity.

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Invited article: millimeter-wave bolometer array receiver for the Atacama pathfinder experiment Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (APEX-SZ) instrument.

Optical scanning system for light-absorption measurement of deep biological tissue.

TRIPLE Q: a three channel quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer for fast multiple species concentration measurements.

High signal-to-noise Fourier transform spectroscopy with light emitting diode sources.

Linac Coherent Light Source soft x-ray materials science instrument optical design and monochromator commissioning.

Demonstration of a room temperature 2.48-2.75 THz coherent spectroscopy source.

A tilt sensor with a compact dimension based on a long-period fiber grating.

Repetitive operation of switchless transverse flow transversely excited atmosphere CO2 lasers.

A traveling wave decelerator for neutral polar molecules.

Single-shot velocity-map imaging of attosecond light-field control at kilohertz rate.

Ultra-low noise single-photon detector based on Si avalanche photodiode.

High-precision semiconductor wavelength sensor based on a double-layer photo diode.

Spectrographic temperature measurement of a high power breakdown arc in a high pressure gas switch.

K-shell emission x-ray imaging of Z-pinch plasmas with a pinhole and a logarithmic spiral crystal.

Spatially resolved charge-state and current-density distributions at the extraction of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source.

Development of a radio-frequency ion beam source for fast-ion studies on the large plasma device.

Lithium plasma emitter for collisionless magnetized plasma experiment.

Plasma-assisted catalytic ionization using porous nickel plate.

A new nonlinear reconstruction method based on total variation regularization of neutron penumbral imaging.

A synchronized emissive probe for time-resolved plasma potential measurements of pulsed discharges.

Grazing incidence extreme ultraviolet spectrometer fielded with time resolution in a hostile z-pinch environment.

Electron current extraction from a permanent magnet waveguide plasma cathode.

Micro axial tomography: a miniaturized, versatile stage device to overcome resolution anisotropy in fluorescence light microscopy.

X-ray beam induced current method at the laboratory x-ray source.

Atomic force microscopy at ambient and liquid conditions with stiff sensors and small amplitudes.

Whispering-gallery acoustic sensing: characterization of mesoscopic films and scanning probe microscopy applications.

Optics clustered to output unique solutions: a multi-laser facility for combined single molecule and ensemble microscopy.

Prototype cantilevers for quantitative lateral force microscopy.

High energy resolution bandpass photon detector for inverse photoemission spectroscopy.

Independently driven four-probe method for local electrical characteristics in organic thin-film transistors under controlled channel potential.

An instrument for the investigation of actinides with spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy.

Heat transfer simulation and thermal measurements of microfabricated x-ray transparent heater stages.

Electrochemical isothermal-capacitance-transient spectroscopy: a new depth profiling method of deep levels.

Micromechanical testing with microstrain resolution.

Electrical calcium test for moisture barrier evaluation for organic devices.

Laser ablation-miniature mass spectrometer for elemental and isotopic analysis of rocks.

Design, construction, and testing of a large-cavity, 1-10 GHz Flygare-Balle spectrometer.

A robotics platform for automated batch fabrication of high density, microfluidics-based DNA microarrays, with applications to single cell, multiplex assays of secreted proteins.

A superconducting gravity gradiometer for measurements from a moving vehicle.

A state observer for the Virgo inverted pendulum.

Accurate measurement of domain wall velocity in amorphous microwires, submicron wires, and nanowires.

Interface shear microrheometer with an optically driven oscillating probe particle.

An anisotropic magneto resistive sensor with set/reset field.

Static voltage distribution between turns of secondary winding of air-core spiral strip transformer and its application.

LC-circuit calorimetry.

Nonlinearity characterization of temperature sensing systems for integrated circuit testing by intermodulation products monitoring.

Comparison between pulsed laser and frequency-domain photoacoustic modalities: signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, resolution, and maximum depth detectivity.

Experimental research on a modular miniaturization nanoindentation device.

Probing liquid distribution in partially saturated porous materials with hydraulic admittance.

A battery-operated, stabilized, high-energy pulsed electron gun for the production of rare gas excimers.

Distortion in the thermal noise spectrum and quality factor of nanomechanical devices due to finite frequency resolution with applications to the atomic force microscope.

The techniques of metallic foil electrically exploding driving hypervelocity flyer to more than 10 km/s for shock wave physics experiments.

A novel algorithm combining oversampling and digital lock-in amplifier of high speed and precision.

Etched multimode microfiber knot-type loop interferometer refractive index sensor.

Multipurpose high-pressure high-temperature diamond-anvil cell with a novel high-precision guiding system and a dual-mode pressurization device.

Examination of gas desorption by B4C resin for use in neutron scattering experiment.

Changes in CR-39 proton sensitivity due to prolonged exposure to high vacuums relevant to the National Ignition Facility and OMEGA.

A 2 MV Van de Graaff accelerator as a tool for planetary and impact physics research.

The magnetic-distortion probe: velocimetry in conducting fluids.

An experimental setup for high resolution 10.5 eV laser-based angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using a time-of-flight electron analyzer.

Viscosity measurements of liquids under pressure by using the quartz crystal resonators.

A broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectrometer to measure thin films up to 70 GHz.

Note: updates to an ultra-low noise laser current driver.

Note: simple means for selective removal of the 365 nm line from the Hg spectrum using Dy.

Note: an underwater multi-channel plasma array for water sterilization.

Note: femtosecond laser micromachining of straight and linearly tapered capillary discharge waveguides.

Note: anti-strong-disturbance signal processing method of vortex flowmeter with two sensors.

Note: a high transmission Faraday optical isolator in the 9.2 µm range.

Note: binding energy scale calibration of electron spectrometers for photoelectron spectroscopy using a single sample.

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Comparison between pulsed laser and frequency-domain photoacoustic modalities: signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, resolution, and maximum depth detectivity.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Lashkari, Bahman Mandelis, Andreas
Description	Country affiliation: Canada Author Affiliation: Lashkari B ( Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave Technologies (CADIFT), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada. bahman@mie.utoronto.ca)
Abstract	In this work, a detailed theoretical and experimental comparison between various key parameters of the pulsed and frequency-domain (FD) photoacoustic (PA) imaging modalities is developed. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of these methods are theoretically calculated in terms of transducer bandwidth, PA signal generation physics, and laser pulse or chirp parameters. Large differences between maximum (peak) SNRs were predicted. However, it is shown that in practice the SNR differences are much smaller. Typical experimental SNRs were 23.2 dB and 26.1 dB for FD-PA and time-domain (TD)-PA peak responses, respectively, from a subsurface black absorber. The SNR of the pulsed PA can be significantly improved with proper high-pass filtering of the signal, which minimizes but does not eliminate baseline oscillations. On the other hand, the SNR of the FD method can be enhanced substantially by increasing laser power and decreasing chirp duration (exposure) correspondingly, so as to remain within the maximum permissible exposure guidelines. The SNR crossover chirp duration is calculated as a function of transducer bandwidth and the conditions yielding higher SNR for the FD mode are established. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the FD axial resolution is affected by both signal amplitude and limited chirp bandwidth. The axial resolution of the pulse is, in principle, superior due to its larger bandwidth; however, the bipolar shape of the signal is a drawback in this regard. Along with the absence of baseline oscillation in cross-correlation FD-PA, the FD phase signal can be combined with the amplitude signal to yield better axial resolution than pulsed PA, and without artifacts. The contrast of both methods is compared both in depth-wise (delay-time) and fixed delay time images. It was shown that the FD method possesses higher contrast, even after contrast enhancement of the pulsed response through filtering.
ISSN	00346748
Issue Number	9
Journal	Review of Scientific Instruments
Volume Number	82
e-ISSN	10897623
Language	English
Publisher	American Institute of Physics
Publisher Date	2011-09-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Lasers Photoacoustic Techniques Instrumentation Signal-to-noise Ratio Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't Review Discipline Physics Discipline Chemistry
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Medicine Instrumentation

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