| Author |
Praveenkumarreddy, Yerabham Taniyasu, Sachi Balakrishna, Keshava Akiba, Masato Siddiqui, Iyanee Faroza Joshua, Derrick Ian Yamashita, Nobuyoshi Kannan, Kurunthachalam Guruge, Keerthi S. Prabhasankar, Valiparambil Prabhakaranunni |
| Description |
Country affiliation: India Author Affiliation: Prabhasankar VP ( Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.); Joshua DI ( Department of Civil Engineering, Universal Engineering College, Vallivattom, Kerala, 680123, India.); Balakrishna K ( Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.); Siddiqui IF ( Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India. k.balakrishna@manipal.edu.); Taniyasu S ( Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.); Yamashita N ( National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-859, Japan.); Kannan K ( National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-859, Japan.); Akiba M ( Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, New York, NY, USA.); Praveenkumarreddy Y ( Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.); Guruge KS ( Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.) |
| Abstract |
The occurrence and removal of seven selected pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in sewage treatment plants (STPs) in South India were investigated. The PCs selected for this study were sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), chloramphenicol (CAP), erythromycin (ERY), naproxen (NPX), bezafibrate (BZF), and ampicillin (AMP). Wastewater samples were collected from inlet and outlet of the STPs during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons to investigate the seasonal influences in occurrence and removal rates. The analytical method was based on simultaneous extraction of all target compounds by solid phase extraction (SPE), using a hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) sorbent followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The STP that catered exclusively to domestic wastewater had lesser concentrations of PCs compared to the STPs serving the combined hospital and domestic effluents. SMX was the dominant compound in all effluents with the highest concentration at 3.2 µg/L in the outlet of an STP. TMP and ERY were the other PCs present at higher concentrations in STP outlets (1 µg/L and 0-0.13 µg/L, respectively). Removal rates varied from 100 % for BZF to 60-100 % for SMX, CTX, and AMP. |
