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| Content Provider | World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus |
|---|---|
| Author | Pidgeon, Graham P. O'byrne, Kenneth J. O'sullivan, Jacintha Reynolds, John V. Cathcart, Mary-clare |
| Description | Author Affiliation: Cathcart MC ( Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Health Sciences Centre, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland. cathcarm@tcd.ie) |
| Abstract | Arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways leads to the generation of biologically active eicosanoids. Eicosanoid expression levels vary during development and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. COX-2 is the major COX-isoform responsible for G.I. cancer development/progression. COX-2 expression increases during progression from a normal to cancerous state. Evidence from observational studies has demonstrated that chronic NSAID use reduces the risk of cancer development, while both incidence and risk of death due to G.I. cancers were significantly reduced by daily aspirin intake. A number of randomized controlled trials (APC trial, Prevention of Sporadic Adenomatous Polyps trial, APPROVe trial) have also shown a significant protective effect in patients receiving selective COX-2 inhibitors. However, chronic use of selective COX-2 inhibitors at high doses was associated with increased cardiovascular risk, while NSAIDs have also been associated with increased risk. More recently, downstream effectors of COX-signaling have been investigated in cancer development/progression. PGE $_{2}$ , which binds to both EP and PPAR receptors, is the major prostanoid implicated in the carcinogenesis of G.I. cancers. The role of TXA $_{2}$ in G.I. cancers has also been examined, although further studies are required to uncover its role in carcinogenesis. Other prostanoids investigated include PGD $_{2}$ and its metabolite 15d-PGJ2, PGF $_{1α}$ and PGI $_{2}$ . Targeting these prostanoids in G.I. cancers has the promise of avoiding cardiovascular toxicity associated with chronic selective COX-2 inhibition, while maintaining anti-tumor reactivity. A progressive sequence from normal to pre-malignant to a malignant state has been identified in G.I. cancers. In this review, we will discuss the role of the COX-derived prostanoids in G.I. cancer development and progression. Targeting these downstream prostanoids for chemoprevention and/or treatment of G.I. cancers will also be discussed. Finally, we will highlight the latest pre-clinical technologies as well as avenues for future investigation in this highly topical research field. |
| ISSN | 00063002 |
| Journal | Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| Volume Number | 1825 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Publisher Date | 2012-01-01 |
| Publisher Place | Netherlands |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Gastrointestinal Neoplasms Drug Therapy Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases Metabolism Prostaglandins Cyclooxygenase 2 Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors Therapeutic Use Disease Progression Prevention & Control Molecular Targeted Therapy Prostaglandins E Signal Transduction Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Biochemistry |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
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