NDLI: Feeding biomechanics and theoretical calculations of bite force in bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) during ontogeny.

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Feeding biomechanics and theoretical calculations of bite force in bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) during ontogeny.

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Feeding biomechanics and theoretical calculations of bite force in bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) during ontogeny.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Habegger, Maria L. Motta, Philip J. Huber, Daniel R. Dean, Mason N.
Description	Country affiliation: United States Author Affiliation: Habegger ML ( Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA. maluhabegger@hotmail.com)
Abstract	Evaluations of bite force, either measured directly or calculated theoretically, have been used to investigate the maximum feeding performance of a wide variety of vertebrates. However, bite force studies of fishes have focused primarily on small species due to the intractable nature of large apex predators. More massive muscles can generate higher forces and many of these fishes attain immense sizes; it is unclear how much of their biting performance is driven purely by dramatic ontogenetic increases in body size versus size-specific selection for enhanced feeding performance. In this study, we investigated biting performance and feeding biomechanics of immature and mature individuals from an ontogenetic series of an apex predator, the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas (73-285cm total length). Theoretical bite force ranged from 36 to 2128N at the most anterior bite point, and 170 to 5914N at the most posterior bite point over the ontogenetic series. Scaling patterns differed among the two age groups investigated; immature bull shark bite force scaled with positive allometry, whereas adult bite force scaled isometrically. When the bite force of C. leucas was compared to those of 12 other cartilaginous fishes, bull sharks presented the highest mass-specific bite force, greater than that of the white shark or the great hammerhead shark. A phylogenetic independent contrast analysis of anatomical and dietary variables as determinants of bite force in these 13 species indicated that the evolution of large adult bite forces in cartilaginous fishes is linked predominantly to the evolution of large body size. Multiple regressions based on mass-specific standardized contrasts suggest that the evolution of high bite forces in Chondrichthyes is further correlated with hypertrophication of the jaw adductors, increased leverage for anterior biting, and widening of the head. Lastly, we discuss the ecological significance of positive allometry in bite force as a possible 'performance gain' early in the life history of C. leucas.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	09442006
Issue Number	6
Volume Number	115
e-ISSN	18732720
Journal	Zoology
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publisher Date	2012-12-01
Publisher Place	Germany
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Zoology Bite Force Carnivory Physiology Predatory Behavior Sharks Growth & Development Animals Biomechanical Phenomena Biometry Diet Phylogeny Comparative Study Journal Article
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Animal Science and Zoology

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