NDLI: Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and its metabolite norketamine administered at a sub-anesthetic dose together with xylazine to calves prior to castration.

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Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and its metabolite norketamine administered at a sub-anesthetic dose together with xylazine to calves prior to castration.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Gehring, R. Coetzee, J. F. Tarus-Sang, J. Apley, M. D.
Description	Country affiliation: United States Author Affiliation: Gehring R ( Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA. rgehring@vet.ksu.edu)
Abstract	The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma pharmacokinetics of ketamine and its active metabolite norketamine administered intravenously at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg together with xylazine (0.05 mg/kg) to control the pain associated with castration in calves. A two-compartment model with an additional metabolite compartment linked to the central compartment was used to simultaneously describe the time-concentration profiles of both ketamine and its major metabolite norketamine. Parameter values estimated from the time-concentration profiles observed in this study were volume of the central compartment (V(c) = 132.82 +/- 68.23 mL/kg), distribution clearance (CL(D) = 15.49 +/- 2.56 mL/min/kg), volume of the peripheral compartment (V(T) = 257.05 +/- 41.65 mL/kg), ketamine clearance by the formation of the norketamine metabolite (CL(2M) = 8.56 +/- 7.37 mL/kg/min) and ketamine clearance by other routes (CL(o) = 16.41 +/- 3.42 mL/kg/min). Previously published data from rats suggest that the metabolite norketamine contributes to the analgesic effect of ketamine, with a potency that is one-third of the parent drug. An understanding of the time-concentration relationships and the disposition of the parent drug and its metabolite is therefore important for a better understanding of the analgesic potential of ketamine in cattle.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	01407783
Issue Number	2
Volume Number	32
e-ISSN	13652885
Journal	Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley-Blackwell
Publisher Date	2009-04-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Therapeutics Discipline Veterinary Medicine Discipline Pharmacology Adrenergic Alpha-agonists Pharmacokinetics Anesthetics, Dissociative Cattle Metabolism Ketamine Analogs & Derivatives Xylazine Anesthesia, Intravenous Veterinary Blood Animals Chromatography, Liquid Drug Combinations Male Orchiectomy Pain Drug Therapy Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Veterinary Pharmacology

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