NDLI: The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

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The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Brock, A. P. Isaza, R. Egelund, E. F. Hunter, R. P. Peloquin, C. A.
Description	Country affiliation: United States Author Affiliation: P Brock A ( Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.)
Abstract	Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a disease of concern in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Treatment for tuberculosis in elephants utilizes multidrug protocols combining isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and/or ethambutol. In this study, a single, coformulated dose of isoniazid 5 mg/kg, rifampin 10 mg/kg, pyrazinamide 30 mg/kg, and ethambutol 30 mg/kg was administered orally to six Asian elephants, and rectally to five elephants using a cross-over design. Blood samples were collected serially over 24 h. Pyrazinamide and ethambutol concentrations were determined using validated gas chromatography assays. Isoniazid and rifampin concentrations were determined using validated high-performance liquid chromatography assays. Rectal isoniazid produced an earlier Tmax compared with oral administration. Oral isoniazid resulted in a comparatively lower Cmax , but higher AUC values compared with rectal isoniazid. Oral rifampin and oral ethambutol were well absorbed while rectal rifampin was not. Oral pyrazinamide produced comparatively higher Cmax and AUC values compared with rectal pyrazinamide. Results of this study indicate that currently recommended therapeutic monitoring sample collection times for rectal isoniazid and oral rifampin do not provide an accurate assessment of exposure for these drugs. This study demonstrates notable individual variability, indicating that dosing of these medications requires individual monitoring and provides additional information to guide the clinician when treating elephants.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	01407783
Issue Number	5
Volume Number	37
e-ISSN	13652885
Journal	Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley-Blackwell
Publisher Date	2014-10-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Therapeutics Discipline Veterinary Medicine Discipline Pharmacology Antitubercular Agents Pharmacokinetics Elephants Blood Administration, Oral Administration, Rectal Animals Administration & Dosage Area Under Curve Cross-over Studies Drug Combinations Metabolism Ethambutol Female Isoniazid Male Pyrazinamide Rifampin Clinical Trial Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Veterinary Pharmacology

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