NDLI: Distribution, mass load and environmental impact of multiple-class pharmaceuticals in conventional and upgraded municipal wastewater treatment plants in East China.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Yuan, Xiangjuan Qiang, Zhimin Ben, Weiwei Zhu, Bing Qu, Jiuhui
Spatial Coverage	China
Description	Country affiliation: China Author Affiliation: Yuan X ( Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China. qiangz@rcees.ac.cn.)
Abstract	The occurrence, fate and environmental impact of 30 pharmaceuticals including sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, ß-blockers, antiepileptics, lipid regulators, and stimulants were studied in two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Wuxi City, East China. A total of 23 pharmaceuticals were detected in wastewater samples, with a maximum concentration of 16.1 µg L(-1) (caffeine) in the influent and 615.5 ng L(-1) (azithromycin) in the effluent; 19 pharmaceuticals were detected in sludge samples at concentrations up to 12.13 mg kg(-1), with ofloxacin, azithromycin and norfloxacin being the predominant species. Mass balance analysis showed that biodegradation primarily accounted for the removal of sulfonamides, most of the macrolides, and other miscellaneous pharmaceuticals, while adsorption onto the sludge was the primary removal pathway for fluoroquinolones, tetracylines, and azithromycin during biological treatment. The total mass loads of target pharmaceuticals per capita in the two WWTPs were in the ranges of 2681.8-4333.3, 248.0-416.6 and 214.6-374.5 µg per day per inhabitant in the influent, effluent and dewatered sludge, respectively. The upgraded Plant A adopting the combined anaerobic/anoxic/oxic and moving bed biofilm process exhibited a much higher removal of target pharmaceuticals than the conventional Plant B adopting the C-Orbal oxidation ditch process. The concentration levels of sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in the effluent, ofloxacin in the sludge, and the mixture of all target pharmaceuticals in both effluent and sludge posed a high risk to algae in aquatic environments.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	20507887
Issue Number	3
Volume Number	17
e-ISSN	20507895
Journal	Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Publisher Date	2015-03-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Discipline Environmental Health Pharmaceutical Preparations Analysis Waste Disposal, Fluid Waste Water Chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical China Environmental Monitoring Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law

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