NDLI: The incretins: from the concept to their use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Part A: incretins: concept and physiological functions.

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The incretins: from the concept to their use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Part A: incretins: concept and physiological functions.

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The incretins: from the concept to their use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Part A: incretins: concept and physiological functions.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Girard, J.
Description	Country affiliation: France Author Affiliation: Girard J ( CNRS UMR8104, InsermU567, département endocrinologie, métabolisme et cancer, université Paris-Descartes, institut Cochin, 24, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France. gean.girard@inserm.fr)
Abstract	This paper briefly reviews the concept of incretins and describes the biological effects of the two incretins identified so far: the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP); and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GIP is released by the Kcells of the duodenum, while GLP-1 is released by the Lcells of the distal ileum, in response to nutrient absorption. GIP and GLP-1 stimulate insulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. In addition, they increase beta-cell mass. GIP has a specific effect on adipose tissue to facilitate the efficient disposal of absorbed fat and, thus, may be involved in the development of obesity. GLP-1 has specific effects on pancreatic alpha cells, the hypothalamus, and gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. By inhibiting glucagon secretion and delaying gastric-emptying, GLP-1 plays an important role in glucose homoeostasis and, by inhibiting food intake, prevents the increase in body weight. As the metabolic effects of GIP are blunted in type 2 diabetes, this peptide cannot be used as an efficient therapy for diabetes. In contrast, GLP-1 effects are preserved at high concentrations in type 2 diabetes, making this peptide of great interest for the treatment of diabetes, a topic that will be discussed in the second part of this review.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	12623636
Part	Pt 1
Volume Number	34
e-ISSN	18781780
Journal	Diabetes & Metabolism
Issue Number	6
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publisher Date	2008-12-01
Publisher Place	France
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Metabolism Discipline Endocrinology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Drug Therapy Incretins Therapeutic Use Insulin Secretion Adipose Tissue Drug Effects Physiology Physiopathology Body Weight Gastric Emptying Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Pharmacology Glucagon Antagonists & Inhibitors Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Humans Overweight Prevention & Control Receptors, Glucagon Journal Article Review
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Internal Medicine Endocrinology

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The incretins: from the concept to their use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Part A: incretins: concept and physiological functions.