NDLI: Comparison of drinking water, raw rice and cooking of rice as arsenic exposure routes in three contrasting areas of West Bengal, India.

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Comparison of drinking water, raw rice and cooking of rice as arsenic exposure routes in three contrasting areas of West Bengal, India.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Mondal, Debapriya Banerjee, Mayukh Kundu, Manjari Banerjee, Nilanjana Bhattacharya, Udayan Giri, Ashok K. Ganguli, Bhaswati Sen Roy, Sugata Polya, David A.
Spatial Coverage	India
Description	Country affiliation: United kingdom Author Affiliation: Mondal D ( School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.)
Abstract	Remediation aimed at reducing human exposure to groundwater arsenic in West Bengal, one of the regions most impacted by this environmental hazard, are currently largely focussed on reducing arsenic in drinking water. Rice and cooking of rice, however, have also been identified as important or potentially important exposure routes. Quantifying the relative importance of these exposure routes is critically required to inform the prioritisation and selection of remediation strategies. The aim of our study, therefore, was to determine the relative contributions of drinking water, rice and cooking of rice to human exposure in three contrasting areas of West Bengal with different overall levels of exposure to arsenic, viz. high (Bhawangola-I Block, Murshidibad District), moderate (Chakdha Block, Nadia District) and low (Khejuri-I Block, Midnapur District). Arsenic exposure from water was highly variable, median exposures being 0.02 µg/kg/d (Midnapur), 0.77 µg/kg/d (Nadia) and 2.03 µg/kg/d (Murshidabad). In contrast arsenic exposure from cooked rice was relatively uniform, with median exposures being 0.30 µg/kg/d (Midnapur), 0.50 µg/kg/d (Nadia) and 0.84 µg/kg/d (Murshidabad). Cooking rice typically resulted in arsenic exposures of lower magnitude, indeed in Midnapur, median exposure from cooking was slightly negative. Water was the dominant route of exposure in Murshidabad, both water and rice were major exposure routes in Nadia, whereas rice was the dominant exposure route in Midnapur. Notwithstanding the differences in balance of exposure routes, median excess lifetime cancer risk for all the blocks were found to exceed the USEPA regulatory threshold target cancer risk level of 10(-4)-10(-6). The difference in balance of exposure routes indicate a difference in balance of remediation approaches in the three districts.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	02694042
Issue Number	6
Volume Number	32
e-ISSN	15732983
Journal	Environmental Geochemistry and Health
Language	English
Publisher	Springer
Publisher Date	2010-12-01
Publisher Place	Netherlands
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Environmental Health Arsenic Analysis Environmental Exposure Food Contamination Fresh Water Chemistry Oryza Sativa Water Pollutants, Chemical Toxicity Cooking Drinking Humans India Neoplasms Chemically Induced Risk Assessment Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Medicine Geochemistry and Petrology Environmental Engineering Water Science and Technology

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