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Comparison of methods used to calculate typical threshold values for potentially toxic elements in soil.

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Comparison of methods used to calculate typical threshold values for potentially toxic elements in soil.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	McIlwaine, Rebekka Cox, Siobhan F. Doherty, Rory Palmer, Sherry Ofterdinger, Ulrich McKinley, Jennifer M.
Spatial Coverage	Northern Ireland
Description	Author Affiliation: McIlwaine R ( Environmental Engineering Research Centre, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK, rmcilwaine05@qub.ac.uk.)
Abstract	The environmental quality of land can be assessed by calculating relevant threshold values, which differentiate between concentrations of elements resulting from geogenic and diffuse anthropogenic sources and concentrations generated by point sources of elements. A simple process allowing the calculation of these typical threshold values (TTVs) was applied across a region of highly complex geology (Northern Ireland) to six elements of interest; arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and vanadium. Three methods for identifying domains (areas where a readily identifiable factor can be shown to control the concentration of an element) were used: k-means cluster analysis, boxplots and empirical cumulative distribution functions (ECDF). The ECDF method was most efficient at determining areas of both elevated and reduced concentrations and was used to identify domains in this investigation. Two statistical methods for calculating normal background concentrations (NBCs) and upper limits of geochemical baseline variation (ULBLs), currently used in conjunction with legislative regimes in the UK and Finland respectively, were applied within each domain. The NBC methodology was constructed to run within a specific legislative framework, and its use on this soil geochemical data set was influenced by the presence of skewed distributions and outliers. In contrast, the ULBL methodology was found to calculate more appropriate TTVs that were generally more conservative than the NBCs. TTVs indicate what a 'typical' concentration of an element would be within a defined geographical area and should be considered alongside the risk that each of the elements pose in these areas to determine potential risk to receptors.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	02694042
Issue Number	5
Volume Number	36
e-ISSN	15732983
Journal	Environmental Geochemistry and Health
Language	English
Publisher	Springer
Publisher Date	2014-10-01
Publisher Place	Netherlands
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Environmental Health Environmental Pollution Statistics & Numerical Data Hazardous Substances Standards Soil Pollutants Toxicity Toxicity Tests Methods Arsenic Analysis Environmental Monitoring Geology Metals, Heavy Models, Statistical Northern Ireland Risk Assessment Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Medicine Geochemistry and Petrology Environmental Engineering Water Science and Technology

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Comparison of methods used to calculate typical threshold values for potentially toxic elements in soil

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