NDLI: Childhood gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, and depressive symptoms across adolescence and early adulthood: an 11-year longitudinal study.

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Childhood gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, and depressive symptoms across adolescence and early adulthood: an 11-year longitudinal study.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Roberts, Andrea L. Rosario, Margaret Slopen, Natalie Calzo, Jerel P. Austin, S. Bryn
Spatial Coverage	United States
Description	Country affiliation: United States Author Affiliation: Roberts AL ( Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. aroberts@hsph.harvard.edu)
Abstract	OBJECTIVE: Childhood gender nonconformity has been associated with increased risk of caregiver abuse and bullying victimization outside the home, but it is unknown whether as a consequence children who are nonconforming are at higher risk of depressive symptoms. METHOD: Using data from a large national cohort (N = 10,655), we examined differences in depressive symptoms from ages 12 through 30 years by gender nonconformity before age 11 years. We examined the prevalence of bullying victimization by gender nonconformity, then ascertained whether increased exposure to abuse and bullying accounted for possible increased risk of depressive symptoms. We further compared results stratified by sexual orientation. RESULTS: Participants in the top decile of childhood gender nonconformity were at elevated risk of depressive symptoms at ages 12 through 30 years (for females, 0.19 standard deviations more depressive symptoms than conforming females; for males, 0.34 standard deviations more symptoms than conforming males). By ages 23 to 30 years, 26% of participants in the top decile of childhood nonconformity had probable mild or moderate depression versus 18% of participants who were conforming (p<.001). Abuse and bullying victimization accounted for approximately half the increased prevalence of depressive symptoms in youth who were nonconforming versus conforming. Gender-nonconforming heterosexuals and males were at particularly elevated risk for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Gender nonconformity was a strong predictor of depressive symptoms beginning in adolescence, particularly among males and heterosexuals. Physical and emotional bullying and abuse, both inside and outside the home, accounted for much of this increased risk.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	08908567
e-ISSN	15275418
DOI	10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.006
Journal	Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Issue Number	2
Volume Number	52
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publisher Date	2013-02-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Discipline Psychiatry Discipline Pediatrics Bullying Psychology Child Abuse Crime Victims Depression Gender Identity Sexual Behavior Adolescent Adult Survivors Of Child Abuse Statistics & Numerical Data Diagnosis Epidemiology Etiology Heterosexuality Longitudinal Studies Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Risk Factors Sex Factors Research Support, N.i.h., Extramural Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Developmental and Educational Psychology Psychiatry and Mental Health

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