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Performance variability, impulsivity errors and the impact of incentives as gender-independent endophenotypes for ADHD.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Uebel, Henrik Albrecht, Björn Asherson, Philip Börger, Norbert A. Butler, Louise Chen, Wai Christiansen, Hanna Heise, Alexander Kuntsi, Jonna Schäfer, Ulrike Andreou, Penny Manor, Iris Marco, Rafaela Miranda, Ana Mulligan, Aisling Oades, Robert D. Van Der Meere, Jaap Faraone, Stephen V. Rothenberger, Aribert Banaschewski, Tobias
Description	Country affiliation: Germany Author Affiliation: Uebel H ( Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, von Siebold-Strasse 5, Göttingen, Germany. huebel@gwdg.de)
Abstract	BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and highly heritable child psychiatric disorders. There is strong evidence that children with ADHD show slower and more variable responses in tasks such as Go/Nogo tapping aspects of executive functions like sustained attention and response control which may be modulated by motivational factors and/or state-regulation processes. The aim of this study was (1) to determine if these executive functions may constitute an endophenotype for ADHD; (2) to investigate for the first time whether known modulators of these executive functions may also be familial; and (3) to explore whether gender has an impact on these measures. METHODS: Two hundred and five children with ADHD combined type, 173 nonaffected biological siblings and 53 controls with no known family history of ADHD were examined using a Go/Nogo task in the framework of a multi-centre study. Performance-measures and modulating effects of event-rate and incentives were examined. Shared familial effects on these measures were assessed, and the influence of gender was tested. RESULTS: Children with ADHD responded more slowly and variably than nonaffected siblings or controls. Nonaffected siblings showed intermediate scores for reaction-time variability, false alarms and omission errors under fast and slow event-rates. A slower event-rate did not lead to reduced performance specific to ADHD. In the incentive condition, mean reaction-times speeded up and became less variable only in children with ADHD and their nonaffected siblings, while accuracy was improved in all groups. Males responded faster, but also committed more false alarms. There were no interactions of group by gender. CONCLUSIONS: Reaction-time variability and accuracy parameters could be useful neuropsychological endophenotypes for ADHD. Performance-modulating effects of incentives suggested a familially driven motivational dysfunction which may play an important role on etiologic pathways and treatment approaches for ADHD. The effects of gender were independent of familial effects or ADHD-status, which in turn suggests that the proposed endophenotypes are independent of gender.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	00219630
e-ISSN	14697610
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02139.x
Journal	Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Issue Number	2
Volume Number	51
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley-Blackwell
Publisher Date	2010-02-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Discipline Psychology Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity Epidemiology Psychology Cognition Disorders Impulse Control Disorders Executive Function Motivation Phenotype Adolescent Diagnosis Neuropsychological Tests Reaction Time Sex Factors Research Support, N.i.h., Extramural Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Developmental and Educational Psychology Psychiatry and Mental Health Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health

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