NDLI: Quantification of orofacial phenotypes in Xenopus.

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Year: 2014 Issue: 93

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Quantification of orofacial phenotypes in Xenopus.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Kennedy, Allyson E. Dickinson, Amanda J.
Description	Author Affiliation: Kennedy AE ( Biology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University.); Dickinson AJ ( Biology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University)
Abstract	Xenopus has become an important tool for dissecting the mechanisms governing craniofacial development and defects. A method to quantify orofacial development will allow for more rigorous analysis of orofacial phenotypes upon abrogation with substances that can genetically or molecularly manipulate gene expression or protein function. Using two dimensional images of the embryonic heads, traditional size dimensions-such as orofacial width, height and area- are measured. In addition, a roundness measure of the embryonic mouth opening is used to describe the shape of the mouth. Geometric morphometrics of these two dimensional images is also performed to provide a more sophisticated view of changes in the shape of the orofacial region. Landmarks are assigned to specific points in the orofacial region and coordinates are created. A principle component analysis is used to reduce landmark coordinates to principle components that then discriminate the treatment groups. These results are displayed as a scatter plot in which individuals with similar orofacial shapes cluster together. It is also useful to perform a discriminant function analysis, which statistically compares the positions of the landmarks between two treatment groups. This analysis is displayed on a transformation grid where changes in landmark position are viewed as vectors. A grid is superimposed on these vectors so that a warping pattern is displayed to show where significant landmark positions have changed. Shape changes in the discriminant function analysis are based on a statistical measure, and therefore can be evaluated by a p-value. This analysis is simple and accessible, requiring only a stereoscope and freeware software, and thus will be a valuable research and teaching resource.
File Format	HTM / HTML
e-ISSN	1940087X
DOI	10.3791/52062
Journal	Journal of Visualized Experiments
Issue Number	93
Language	English
Publisher	MyJove Corp.
Publisher Date	2014-11-06
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Discipline Physical Sciences Discipline Life Sciences Discipline Medicine Maxillofacial Development Physiology Xenopus Laevis Embryology Animals Phenotype Anatomy & Histology Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't Video-audio Media
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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