NDLI: Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B and C Over Time Among Men Who Inject Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs in England and Wales: Results From Cross-Sectional Prevalence Surveys, 1992-2013.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Hope, Vivian D. Harris, Ross McVeigh, Jim Cullen, Katelyn J. Smith, Josie Parry, John V. DeAngelis, Daniela Ncube, Fortune
Spatial Coverage	Wales England
Description	Country affiliation: United kingdom Author Affiliation: Hope VD ( *National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom)
Abstract	BACKGROUND: Infection risks among people who inject drugs (PWID) are widely recognized, but few studies have focused on image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs). Globally, concern about IPED injection has increased and, in the United Kingdom, IPED injectors have become the largest group using Needle and Syringe Programmes. Blood-borne virus prevalence trends among IPED injectors are explored. METHOD: Data from 2 surveys of IPED injectors (2010-2011; 2012-2013) and the national bio-behavioral surveillance system for PWID (1992-1997; 1998-2003; 2004-2009) were merged. Psychoactive drug injectors and women were excluded. Logistic regression analyses explored temporal changes. RESULTS: Between 1992 and 2009, median age increased from 25 to 29 years (N = 1296), years injecting from 2 to 4. There were 53 men who had sex with men (MSM). Overall, 0.93% had HIV, 4.4% ever had hepatitis B (HBV), and 3.9% hepatitis C (HCV, from 1998, N = 1083). In multivariable analyses, HIV increased in 2004-2009 [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 10 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94 to 106) vs. 1992-2003], and remained elevated (AOR = 4.12, 95% CI: 0.31 to 54, 2012-2013); HBV also increased in 2004-2009 (AOR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.59 to 9.97). HCV prevalence increase was only borderline significant (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: 0.90 to 6.77, 2010-2011). HIV and HBV were associated with MSM and HCV with sharing needles/syringes. Uptake of diagnostic testing for HIV and HCV, and HBV vaccination increased (to 43%, 32% and 44% respectively). Condom use was consistently poor; needle/syringe sharing occurred. CONCLUSION: Blood-borne virus prevalences among IPED injectors have increased and for HIV, is now similar to that among psychoactive drug injectors. Targeted interventions to reduce risks are indicated.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	15254135
e-ISSN	10779450
DOI	10.1097/QAI.0000000000000835
Journal	JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
Issue Number	3
Volume Number	71
Language	English
Publisher	Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Publisher Date	2016-03-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Discipline AIDS Hiv Infections Complications Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Performance-enhancing Substances Administration & Dosage Substance Abuse, Intravenous Cross-sectional Studies Epidemiology Etiology Homosexuality, Male Logistic Models Risk Factors Questionnaires Time Factors Wales Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Infectious Diseases Pharmacology (medical)

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