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Multiple independent lineages of HIV-1 persist in breast milk and plasma.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Gray, Rebecca R. Salemi, Marco Lowe, Amanda Nakamura, Kyle J. Decker, William D. Sinkala, Moses Kankasa, Chipepo Mulligan, Connie J. Thea, Donald M. Kuhn, Louise Aldrovandi, Grace Goodenow, Maureen M.
Description	Country affiliation: United States Author Affiliation: Gray RR ( Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, USA.)
Abstract	DESIGN: the origin and evolution of HIV-1 in breast milk is unclear, despite the continuing significance of this tissue as a transmitting compartment. To elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of viral populations in a transient mucosal compartment, longitudinal sequences of the envelope glycoprotein (gp120) region from plasma and breast milk spanning the first year after delivery were analyzed in six women infected by HIV-1 subtype C. METHODS: multiple phylogenetic algorithms were used to elucidate the evolutionary history and spatial structure of virus populations between tissues. RESULTS: overall persistent mixing of viral sequences between plasma and breast milk indicated that breast milk is not a distinct genetic viral compartment. Unexpectedly, longitudinal phylogenies showed multiple lineages defined by long branches that included virus from both the breast milk and the plasma. Plasma was unlikely the anatomical origin of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in at least three of the patients, although in other women, the temporal origin of the MRCA of the viral populations following delivery occurred well before the onset of breast milk production. CONCLUSIONS: these findings suggest that during pregnancy/lactation, a viral variant distinct from the plasma virus initially seeds the breast milk, followed by subsequent gene flow between the plasma and breast milk tissues. This study indicates the potential for reactivation or reintroduction of distinct lineages during major immunological disruptions during the course of natural infection.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	02699370
e-ISSN	14735571
DOI	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328340fdaf
Journal	AIDS
Issue Number	2
Volume Number	25
Language	English
Publisher	Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Publisher Date	2011-01-14
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Discipline Immunology Hiv Envelope Protein Gp120 Genetics Hiv Infections Hiv-1 Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical Prevention & Control Milk, Human Virology Evolution, Molecular Immunology Transmission Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Pregnancy Viral Load Research Support, N.i.h., Extramural Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Infectious Diseases Immunology and Allergy Immunology

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