NDLI: Operating a pilot-scale nitrification/distillation plant for complete nutrient recovery from urine.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Fumasoli, Alexandra Etter, Bastian Sterkele, Bettina Morgenroth, Eberhard Udert, Kai M.
Description	Author Affiliation: Fumasoli A ( Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: kai.udert@eawag.ch.); Etter B ( Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: kai.udert@eawag.ch.); Sterkele B ( Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: kai.udert@eawag.ch.); Morgenroth E ( Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: kai.udert@eawag.ch); Udert KM ( Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland E-mail: kai.udert@eawag.ch.)
Abstract	Source-separated urine contains most of the excreted nutrients, which can be recovered by using nitrification to stabilize the urine before concentrating the nutrient solution with distillation. The aim of this study was to test this process combination at pilot scale. The nitrification process was efficient in a moving bed biofilm reactor with maximal rates of 930 mg N L(-1) d(-1). Rates decreased to 120 mg N L(-1) d(-1) after switching to more concentrated urine. At high nitrification rates (640 mg N L(-1) d(-1)) and low total ammonia concentrations (1,790 mg NH4-N L(-1) in influent) distillation caused the main primary energy demand of 71 W cap(-1) (nitrification: 13 W cap(-1)) assuming a nitrogen production of 8.8 g N cap(-1) d(-1). Possible process failures include the accumulation of the nitrification intermediate nitrite and the selection of acid-tolerant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Especially during reactor start-up, the process must therefore be carefully supervised. The concentrate produced by the nitrification/distillation process is low in heavy metals, but high in nutrients, suggesting a good suitability as an integral fertilizer.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	02731223
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	73
e-ISSN	19969732
Journal	Water Science & Technology
Language	English
Publisher	IWA Publishing
Publisher Date	2016-01-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Discipline Hydrology Distillation Fertilizers Nitrification Urine Ammonia Analysis Biofilms Bioreactors Nitrites Nitrogen Pilot Projects Evaluation Studies Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Engineering Water Science and Technology

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