NDLI: Three-dimensional volume rendering of the ankle based on magnetic resonance images enables the generation of images comparable to real anatomy.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Anastasi, Giuseppe Cutroneo, Giuseppina Bruschetta, Daniele Trimarchi, Fabio Ielitro, Giuseppe Cammaroto, Simona Duca, Antonio Bramanti, Placido Favaloro, Angelo Vaccarino, Gianluigi Milardi, Demetrio
Description	Country affiliation: Italy Author Affiliation: Anastasi G ( Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.)
Abstract	We have applied high-quality medical imaging techniques to study the structure of the human ankle. Direct volume rendering, using specific algorithms, transforms conventional two-dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance image (MRI) series into 3D volume datasets. This tool allows high-definition visualization of single or multiple structures for diagnostic, research, and teaching purposes. No other image reformatting technique so accurately highlights each anatomic relationship and preserves soft tissue definition. Here, we used this method to study the structure of the human ankle to analyze tendon-bone-muscle relationships. We compared ankle MRI and computerized tomography (CT) images from 17 healthy volunteers, aged 18-30 years (mean 23 years). An additional subject had a partial rupture of the Achilles tendon. The MRI images demonstrated superiority in overall quality of detail compared to the CT images. The MRI series accurately rendered soft tissue and bone in simultaneous image acquisition, whereas CT required several window-reformatting algorithms, with loss of image data quality. We obtained high-quality digital images of the human ankle that were sufficiently accurate for surgical and clinical intervention planning, as well as for teaching human anatomy. Our approach demonstrates that complex anatomical structures such as the ankle, which is rich in articular facets and ligaments, can be easily studied non-invasively using MRI data.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	14697580
e-ISSN	14697580
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01133.x
Journal	Journal of Anatomy
Issue Number	5
Volume Number	215
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley
Publisher Date	2009-11-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Discipline Anatomy Ankle Joint Anatomy & Histology Ankle Achilles Tendon Injuries Pathology Adolescent Algorithms Imaging, Three-dimensional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Rupture Tomography, X-ray Computed Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Anatomy Cell Biology Developmental Biology Histology Molecular Biology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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