NDLI: Initial action output and feedback-guided motor behaviors in autism spectrum disorder

Content Provider	Springer Nature : BioMed Central
Author	Unruh, Kathryn E. McKinney, Walker S. Bojanek, Erin K. Fleming, Kandace K. Sweeney, John A. Mosconi, Matthew W.
Abstract	Background Sensorimotor issues are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), related to core symptoms, and predictive of worse functional outcomes. Deficits in rapid behaviors supported primarily by feedforward mechanisms, and continuous, feedback-guided motor behaviors each have been reported, but the degrees to which they are distinct or co-segregate within individuals and across development are not well understood. Methods We characterized behaviors that varied in their involvement of feedforward control relative to feedback control across skeletomotor (precision grip force) and oculomotor (saccades) control systems in 109 individuals with ASD and 101 age-matched typically developing controls (range: 5–29 years) including 58 individuals with ASD and 57 controls who completed both grip and saccade tests. Grip force was examined across multiple force (15, 45, and 85% MVC) and visual gain levels (low, medium, high). Maximum grip force also was examined. During grip force tests, reaction time, initial force output accuracy, variability, and entropy were examined. For the saccade test, latency, accuracy, and trial-wise variability of latency and accuracy were examined. Results Relative to controls, individuals with ASD showed similar accuracy of initial grip force but reduced accuracy of saccadic eye movements specific to older ages of our sample. Force variability was greater in ASD relative to controls, but saccade gain variability (across trials) was not different between groups. Force entropy was reduced in ASD, especially at older ages. We also find reduced grip strength in ASD that was more severe in dominant compared to non-dominant hands. Limitations Our age-related findings rely on cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies of sensorimotor behaviors and their associations with ASD symptoms are needed. Conclusions We identify reduced accuracy of initial motor output in ASD that was specific to the oculomotor system implicating deficient feedforward control that may be mitigated during slower occurring behaviors executed in the periphery. Individuals with ASD showed increased continuous force variability but similar levels of trial-to-trial saccade accuracy variability suggesting that feedback-guided refinement of motor commands is deficient specifically when adjustments occur rapidly during continuous behavior. We also document reduced lateralization of grip strength in ASD implicating atypical hemispheric specialization.
Related Links	https://molecularautism.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13229-021-00452-8.pdf
Ending Page	25
Page Count	25
Starting Page	1
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	20402392
DOI	10.1186/s13229-021-00452-8
Journal	Molecular Autism
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	12
Language	English
Publisher	BioMed Central
Publisher Date	2021-07-10
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Neurology Neurosciences Neuropsychology Psychiatry Pediatrics Human Genetics Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Sensorimotor Eye movement Precision grip Lateralization
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Psychiatry and Mental Health Molecular Biology Developmental Biology Developmental Neuroscience
Journal Impact Factor	6.2/2023
5-Year Journal Impact Factor	6.5/2023

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
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4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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