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| Content Provider | Springer Nature : BioMed Central |
|---|---|
| Author | Bartilol, Brian Babu, Lawrence Garama, Karisa Karisa, Jonathan Kamau, Alice Mwandawiro, Charles Wanjiku, Caroline Mbogo, Charles Maia, Marta Mwangangi, Joseph Rono, Martin Kibet |
| Abstract | Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is an infectious neglected tropical disease caused by mosquito-borne nematodes such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Globally, LF affects 51 million people, with approximately 863 million at risk in 47 countries. In Kenya, filariasis is endemic along the entire coastal strip, and more recently, at the Kenya–Ugandan border. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mass drug administration to reduce disease transmission and morbidity. Monitoring the effectiveness of such interventions relies on robust surveillance, achieved through microscopic examination of microfilariae in nighttime blood, detection of circulating filarial antigens (CFA), and molecular xenomonitoring. We focused on molecular xenomonitoring along the Kenyan coast due to its noninvasive nature and the opportunity to identify new vectors. Methods In 2022, mosquitoes were collected from Kilifi, Kwale, and Taita-Taveta counties located within the LF endemic region in Kenya. Subsequently, genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (gDNA) was extracted from these mosquitoes for speciation and analysis of Wuchereria bancrofti infection rates. The impact of sociodemographic and household attributes on infection rates was assessed using generalized estimating equations. Results A total of 18,121 mosquitoes belonging to Culicinae (63.0%, n = 11,414) and Anophelinae (37.0%, n = 6707) subfamilies were collected. Morphological identification revealed that Anopheline mosquitoes were dominated by An. funestus (45.4%, n = 3045) and An. gambiae (42.8%, n = 2873). Wuchereria bancrofti infection rates were highest in Kilifi (35.4%; 95% CI 28.0–43.3%, n = 57/161) and lowest in Taita Taveta (5.3%; 95% CI 3.3–8.0%, n = 22/412). The major vectors incriminated are An. rivulorum, An. funestus sensu stricto, and An. arabiensis. Mosquitoes of the An. funestus complex were significantly associated with LF transmission (OR 18.0; 95% CI 1.80–180; p = 0.014). Additionally, a higher risk of transmission was observed outdoors (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.08–2.82; p = 0.024) and in homesteads that owned livestock (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.09–3.66; p = 0.025). Conclusions In this study, we identified An. funestus s.l. sibling species, An. rivulorum and An. funestus s.s., as the primary vectors of lymphatic filariasis along the Kenyan coast. These findings also highlight that a significant portion of disease transmission potentially occurs outdoors where indoor-based vector control tools, including long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spray, may not be effective. Therefore, control measures targeting outdoor resting mosquitoes such as zooprophylaxis, larval source management, and attractive sugar baits may have potential for LF transmission reduction. Graphical Abstract |
| Related Links | https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13071-024-06513-0.pdf |
| Ending Page | 11 |
| Page Count | 11 |
| Starting Page | 1 |
| File Format | HTM / HTML |
| ISSN | 17563305 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s13071-024-06513-0 |
| Journal | Parasites & Vectors |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| Volume Number | 17 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | BioMed Central |
| Publisher Date | 2024-10-09 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Parasitology Entomology Tropical Medicine Infectious Diseases Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Science Virology Anopheles funestus Lymphatic filariasis Kenya Xenomonitoring Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Veterinary Infectious Diseases Parasitology |
| Journal Impact Factor | 3/2023 |
| 5-Year Journal Impact Factor | 3.3/2023 |
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