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| Content Provider | Springer Nature : BioMed Central |
|---|---|
| Author | Wang, Shan-Shan Liu, Zi-Kai Liu, Jing-Jing Cheng, Qing Wang, Yan-Xia Liu, Yan Ni, Wen-Wen Chen, Hong-Zhuan Song, Mingke |
| Abstract | Background Discovery of early-stage biomarkers is a long-sought goal of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis. Age is the greatest risk factor for most AD and accumulating evidence suggests that age-dependent elevation of asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) in the brain may represent a new biological marker for predicting AD. However, this speculation remains to be explored with an appropriate assay method because mammalian AEP exists in many organs and the level of AEP in body fluid isn’t proportional to its concentration in brain parenchyma. To this end, we here modified gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) into an AEP-responsive imaging probe and choose transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice as an animal model of AD. Our aim is to determine whether imaging of brain AEP can be used to predict AD pathology. Results This AEP-responsive imaging probe AuNPs-Cy5.5-A&C consisted of two particles, AuNPs-Cy5.5-AK and AuNPs-Cy5.5-CABT, which were respectively modified with Ala–Ala–Asn–Cys–Lys (AK) and 2-cyano-6-aminobenzothiazole (CABT). We showed that AuNPs-Cy5.5-A&C could be selectively activated by AEP to aggregate and emit strong fluorescence. Moreover, AuNPs-Cy5.5-A&C displayed a general applicability in various cell lines and its florescence intensity correlated well with AEP activity in these cells. In the brain of APP/PS1 transgenic mice , AEP activity was increased at an early disease stage of AD that precedes formation of senile plaques and cognitive impairment. Pharmacological inhibition of AEP with δ-secretase inhibitor 11 (10 mg kg−1, p.o.) reduced production of β-amyloid (Aβ) and ameliorated memory loss. Therefore, elevation of AEP is an early sign of AD onset. Finally, we showed that live animal imaging with this AEP-responsive probe could monitor the up-regulated AEP in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions The current work provided a proof of concept that assessment of brain AEP activity by in vivo imaging assay is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of AD. Graphical abstract |
| Related Links | https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12951-021-00988-0.pdf |
| Ending Page | 18 |
| Page Count | 18 |
| Starting Page | 1 |
| File Format | HTM / HTML |
| ISSN | 14773155 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12951-021-00988-0 |
| Journal | Journal of Nanobiotechnology |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| Volume Number | 19 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | BioMed Central |
| Publisher Date | 2021-08-19 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Biotechnology Nanotechnology Molecular Medicine Alzheimer’s disease Early diagnosis Biomarker Asparagine endopeptidase Legumain Live brain imaging Fluorescent probe Cy5.5 Gold nanoparticle Click cycloaddition |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Bioengineering Pharmaceutical Science Medicine Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Biomedical Engineering Molecular Medicine Nanoscience and Nanotechnology |
| Journal Impact Factor | 10.6/2023 |
| 5-Year Journal Impact Factor | 11.4/2023 |
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