NDLI: The luggage hypothesis: Comparisons of two phototrophic hosts with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and implications for analogous life strategies for kleptoplastids/secondary symbiosis in dinoflagellates

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The luggage hypothesis: Comparisons of two phototrophic hosts with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and implications for analogous life strategies for kleptoplastids/secondary symbiosis in dinoflagellates

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Symbiosis : Volume 49, Issue 1, September 2009

Symbiosis : Volume 48

Symbiosis : Volume 47

The luggage hypothesis: Comparisons of two phototrophic hosts with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and implications for analogous life strategies for kleptoplastids/secondary symbiosis in dinoflagellates

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Wouters, Johanna Raven, John A. Minnhagen, Susanna Janson, Sven
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	Nostoc and Richelia belong to a group of heterocystous cyanobacteria and are unique within this group in forming intracellular symbioses with phototrophic hosts, the angiosperm Gunnera and the diatoms (algae) Rhizosolenia and Hemiaulus, respectively. The function of the cyanobiont is similar in the symbioses, namely providing fixed atmospheric nitrogen to their hosts; also the cyanobionts are contained in a host compartment, the symbiosome. The evolutionary timescale for the cyanobiont-endosymbiosis formation is in both instances about ≈90 Ma. However, the potentials for further co-evolution of host and microsymbiont, are different. Nostoc is regarded as preyed upon by its host, while in the Richelia-Rhizosolenia symbiosis example the evolution towards a new type of permanent organelle is possible. It is proposed that symbiosis is ruled by divergent host strategies. In the case of Richelia-Rhizosolenia the evolution of a permanent symbiosis is linked to diatom hosts needing to carry the cyanobiont permanently, as it is not available free-living in the oceans. However, in the case of Nostoc/Gunnera, the host exploits an abundant cyanobacterial species. A model where the relative abundance of microsymbionts determines the nature of the symbiosis comes into view: If environmental ratios of host/microsymbiont are so that hosts are the dominating party, then the host has to carry the microsymbiont as luggage (vertical transmission). Likewise, if the ratio of microsymbiont is higher than host, than the host will prey on the microsymbiont (horizontal transmission). The article also discusses the retention of secondary plastids in dinoflagellates. We show that dinoflagellates are organisms that exemplify both types of strategies that is either preying or harbouring a permanent organelle. The difference from the cyanobacterial example is that only parts of the eukaryotic microsymbionts are kept, usually only the plastid. We emphasize that the dinoflagellates can obtain their plastids from various different organisms. The luggage theory offers an explanation to why some dinoflagellate species contain kleptoplastids, while others have permanent, secondary plastids and some have tertiary plastids.
Starting Page	61
Ending Page	70
Page Count	10
File Format	PDF
ISSN	03345114
Journal	Symbiosis
Volume Number	49
Issue Number	2
e-ISSN	18787665
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publisher Date	2009-11-05
Publisher Place	Dordrecht
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Endosymbiosis Nostoc Richelia plastid-evolution kleptoplastids plastids dinoflagellates Ecology Plant Sciences Microbiology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Agricultural and Biological Sciences

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The luggage hypothesis: Comparisons of two phototrophic hosts with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and implications for analogous life strategies for kleptoplastids/secondary symbiosis in dinoflagellates

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