NDLI: Weathering of sandstone lotus petals at the Angkor site: a 1,000-year stone durability trial

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	André, Marie Françoise Phalip, Bruno Voldoire, Olivier Vautier, Franck Géraud, Yves Benbakkar, Mhammed Constantin, Christophe Huber, Fabienne Morvan, Gilles
Copyright Year	2010
Abstract	This article is based on field investigations carried out at Ta Keo and Banteay Srei temples (Angkor, Cambodia), which have similar environmental histories and display the same recurrent decorative pattern (lotus petal) in three different sandstone lithotypes. Based on two original scales of mechanical and chemical weathering, the degree of deterioration of c.2000 sandstone petals was visually assessed, resulting in the proposal of a durability scale. An explanatory scheme was provided, based on laboratory analyses of stone materials (ICP-AES, XRD, SEM-EDS, polarizing microscopy and mercury injection). The key drivers of sandstone durability are both mineralogical and petrophysical. The remarkable preservation of the pink sandstone is due to the quartzose nature of its clasts, the non-swelling clay content of its abundant matrix (kaolinite) and its porosity structure (large connected pores and probable non-connected porosity). The overall good preservation of the green sandstone is due to its extremely low porosity and specific surface area, associated with its strong cementation. The severe deterioration of the grey sandstone is due to its laminated structure (oriented biotites), the susceptibility to hygric swelling and solution of its binding agents (chlorite/smectite and calcite) and its porosity structure, which evolves during a two-stage weathering sequence. The first stage is characterized by a bimodal porosity due to the partial clogging of macropores by swelling clays, and the second stage by a substantial increase in porosity and the penetration of salts (barite and anhydrite). Conversely, oxidation phenomena associated with weathering can lead to a drastic reduction of porosity.
Starting Page	1723
Ending Page	1739
Page Count	17
File Format	PDF
ISSN	18666280
Journal	Environmental Earth Sciences
Volume Number	63
Issue Number	7-8
e-ISSN	18666299
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2010-09-21
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Cambodia Angkor temples Chemical weathering Mechanical weathering Stone properties Sandstone durability Geology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Global and Planetary Change Earth-Surface Processes Soil Science Environmental Chemistry Pollution Geology Water Science and Technology

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