NDLI: Mineral water occurrence and geochemistry in the Azores volcanic archipelago (Portugal): insight from an extended database on water chemistry

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Freire, P. Andrade, C. Viveiros, F. Silva, C. Coutinho, R. Cruz, J. V.
Copyright Year	2014
Abstract	The occurrence and geochemistry of mineral water discharges in the Azores (Portugal) have been studied. Due to the volcanic nature of the archipelago, mineral water discharges occur in seven of the nine islands, namely at São Miguel, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico, Faial, Graciosa and Flores, both associated to perched-water and basal aquifers, and mainly corresponding to springs (72.4 %). The majority of the 116 discharges with water geochemistry data occurs in São Miguel island (73.3 %). Water temperature ranges between 13.2 and 99.8 °C (average 37.1 °C), being 63.8 % of the samples in the dataset classified as thermal. Waters are mainly acid to slightly alkaline, with pH values ranging between 2.1 and 7.9 (average 5.85). Despite the wide range of electrical conductivity values (122–53,000 μS/cm), the median value (876 μS/cm) suggests that in general waters in the dataset are poorly mineralized, being mainly from the Na–HCO$_{3}$ and Na–HCO$_{3}$–Cl types, besides a few samples are from Na–SO$_{4}$ and Na–SO$_{4}$–HCO$_{3}$ types. Instead, waters abstracted in basal aquifers are mainly from the Na–Cl type. Principal component analysis, as well as a classic hydrogeochemistry approach, suggests that mineral water chemistry evolves as function of several processes, as silicate weathering, enhanced by water temperature, not excluding mixing mechanisms between cold and hot waters. Regarding the SO$_{4}$-rich thermal waters, steam-heating inputs are also to be considered. Dilution of volcanic CO$_{2}$ may also influence the chemical evolution of mineral waters. The influence of seawater over the mineral water chemistry in basal aquifers is shown by the much higher conductivity and Cl content.
Starting Page	2749
Ending Page	2762
Page Count	14
File Format	PDF
ISSN	18666280
Journal	Environmental Earth Sciences
Volume Number	73
Issue Number	6
e-ISSN	18666299
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2014-03-09
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Mineral water Groundwater chemistry Volcanic aquifers Azores archipelago Geology Hydrology/Water Resources Geochemistry Environmental Science and Engineering Terrestrial Pollution Biogeosciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Global and Planetary Change Earth-Surface Processes Soil Science Environmental Chemistry Pollution Geology Water Science and Technology

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