NDLI: Ontogenetic sequence comparison of extant and fossil tadpole shrimps: no support for the “living fossil” concept

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Ontogenetic sequence comparison of extant and fossil tadpole shrimps: no support for the “living fossil” concept

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Wagner, Philipp Haug, Joachim T. Sell, Jürgen Haug, Carolin
Copyright Year	2017
Abstract	The tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis (Branchiopoda, Eucrustacea) is often referred to as a “living fossil.” This term implies that the morphology of a species has barely changed for hundreds of millions of years; in the case of T. cancriformis, for about 200 million years. In 1938, Trusheim documented fossil notostracans from the Upper Triassic of southern Germany (237–200 million years) and named them T. cancriformis minor due to their small size compared to modern forms of T. cancriformis. We compared the ontogenetic sequence of the fossil forms to that of modern forms. Fossil material came from the Museum Terra Triassic in Euerdorf and originated from the same geological formation (the Hassberge Formation) as the Trusheim material, which is considered to be nearly entirely lost. The specimens were documented using cross-polarized light and processed into high-resolution images. Fluorescence microscopy was used to document exuviae and carcasses of extant representatives of T. cancriformis. Both forms showed an elongation and similar trends in the length/width ratio of the shield during ontogeny. However, differences were found in the starting point of the developmental processes. Fossil forms start out with a more roundly shaped shield, which becomes more elliptical, while extant forms already start with a more elliptical shield shape. Further differences between extant and fossil forms were found upon comparing shield to trunk ratios. All differences are highly significant statistically. These differences in ontogeny cast severe doubt on the interpretation that T. cancriformis has been static for 237 million years. While the term “living fossil” is misleading and its use should be discouraged in general, it seems to be especially inappropriate to apply it to T. cancriformis. Triops cancriformis (Branchiopoda, Eucrustacea) wird oft als „lebendes Fossil“ bezeichnet. Dieser Terminus impliziert, dass sich die Morphologie einer Art seit einigen hundert Millionen Jahren nicht verändert hat, im Falle von Triops cancriformis seit rund 200 Millionen Jahren. 1938 untersuchte Trusheim fossile Notostracen aus der Oberen Trias von Süddeutschland (237–200 Millionen Jahre) und verwendete für diese den Namen Triops cancriformis minor, da sich diese für ihn nur durch ihre geringere Größe von modernen Vertretern von Triops cancrifomis unterscheiden ließen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Ontogenese fossiler und rezenter Vertreter verglichen. Die untersuchten Fossilien stammen aus dem Museum Terra Triassica in Euerdorf und wurden in derselben geologischen Formation (Hassberge-Formation) wie die Trusheim-Fossilien gefunden. Das Trusheim-Material gilt, bis auf ein einzelnes Stück, als verschollen und konnte somit nicht untersucht werden. Die Fossilien wurden hochauflösend unter kreuz-polarisiertem Licht fotografiert. Zum Vergleich wurden Exuvien rezenter Exemplare von Triops cancriformis fluoreszenzmikroskopisch dokumentiert. Beide Formen zeigten eine Verlängerung und eine ähnliche Veränderung des Längen-Breiten-Verhältnisses des Schildes während ihrer Ontogenese. Allerdings unterschied sich der Zustand zu Beginn des Entwicklungsprozesses. Die fossilen Vertreter weisen zunächst einen eher runden Schild auf, welcher während der Ontogenese eine elliptischere Form annimmt. Rezente Vertreter hingegen beginnen bereits mit einem elliptischen Schild, welcher schließlich noch länglicher wird. Weitere Unterschiede wurden im Verhältnis von Schild zu Rumpf gefunden, wobei alle Ergebnisse hoch signifikant sind. Diese ontogenetischen Unterschiede ziehen die morphologische Stasis von Triops cancriformis seit rund 200 Millionen Jahren stark in Zweifel. Daher erscheint der Begriff „lebendes Fossil“, welcher auch generell sehr kritisch gesehen werden sollte, unpassend.
Starting Page	463
Ending Page	472
Page Count	10
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00310220
Journal	Paläontologische Zeitschrift
Volume Number	91
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	18676812
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2017-08-18
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Notostraca Eucrustacea Ober-Trias fossile Entwicklung Heterochronie Triops cancriformis Paleontology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Paleontology

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Data from: Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of 'living fossils' (Dataset)

A new calmanostracan crustacean species from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation and a simple approach for differentiating fossil tadpole shrimps and their relatives

New hemipteran insects (Eoscarterellidae, Scytinopteridae, and Protopsyllidiidae) from the Upper Triassic Potrerillos Formation of Mendoza, Argentina

PH-related Hatching Success of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca)

Predation in a temporary pond with special attention to the trophic role of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca)

Karyologic Observations on Triops Cancriformis (Phyllopoda, Notostraca)

Ultrastructural characterization of the gonads of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea, Notostraca) from populations containing both females and males: no evidence for hermaphroditic reproduction

Population dynamics of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) of the Espolla temporary pond in the northeastern Iberian peninsula

Morphological Reassessment of Triops cancriformis Bosc (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) Population from Kashmir, India with Comments on the Distribution of the Species in India

Ontogenetic sequence comparison of extant and fossil tadpole shrimps: no support for the “living fossil” concept

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Data from: Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of 'living fossils' (Dataset)

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Ultrastructural characterization of the gonads of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea, Notostraca) from populations containing both females and males: no evidence for hermaphroditic reproduction

Population dynamics of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) of the Espolla temporary pond in the northeastern Iberian peninsula

Morphological Reassessment of Triops cancriformis Bosc (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca) Population from Kashmir, India with Comments on the Distribution of the Species in India

Ontogenetic sequence comparison of extant and fossil tadpole shrimps: no support for the “living fossil” concept