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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Gao, Qiong Zhang, Yufeng Wo, Siukwan Zuo, Zhong |
| Copyright Year | 2014 |
| Abstract | Although arctigenin (AR) has attracted substantial research interests due to its promising and diverse therapeutic effects, studies regarding its biotransformation were limited. The current study aims to provide information regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of AR via various in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic modeling. Our in vitro rat microsome incubation studies revealed that glucuronidation was the main intestinal and liver metabolic pathway of AR, which occurred with V $_{max}$, K $_{m}$, and Cl$_{int}$ of 47.5 ± 3.4 nmol/min/mg, 204 ± 22 μM, and 233 ± 9 μl/min/mg with intestinal microsomes and 2.92 ± 0.07 nmol/min/mg, 22.7 ± 1.2 μM, and 129 ± 4 μl/min/mg with liver microsomes, respectively. In addition, demethylation and hydrolysis of AR occurred with liver microsomes but not with intestinal microsomes. In vitro incubation of AR and its metabolites in intestinal content demonstrated that glucuronides of AR excreted in bile could be further hydrolyzed back to the parent compound, suggesting its potential enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, rapid formation followed by fast elimination of arctigenic acid (AA) and arctigenin-4′-O-glucuronide (AG) was observed after both intravenous (IV) and oral administrations of AR in rats. Linear pharmacokinetics was observed at three different doses for AR, AA, and AG after IV administration of AR (0.48–2.4 mg/kg, r $^{2}$ > 0.99). Finally, an integrated semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic model using in vitro enzyme kinetic and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters was successfully developed to describe plasma concentrations of AR, AA, and AG after both IV and oral administration of AR at all tested doses. |
| Starting Page | 1321 |
| Ending Page | 1333 |
| Page Count | 13 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 12341234 |
| Journal | The AAPS Journal |
| Volume Number | 16 |
| Issue Number | 6 |
| e-ISSN | 15507416 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer US |
| Publisher Date | 2014-10-02 |
| Publisher Institution | American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists |
| Publisher Place | Boston |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Pharmacology/Toxicology Biochemistry Biotechnology Pharmacy |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
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