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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Linto, Neetha Barnes, J. Ramachandran, Ramesh Divia, Jennifer Ramachandran, Purvaja Upstill Goddard, R. C. |
| Copyright Year | 2013 |
| Abstract | We estimated CO$_{2}$ and CH$_{4}$ emissions from mangrove-associated waters of the Andaman Islands by sampling hourly over 24 h in two tidal mangrove creeks (Wright Myo; Kalighat) and during transects in contiguous shallow inshore waters, immediately following the northeast monsoons (dry season) and during the peak of the southwest monsoons (wet season) of 2005 and 2006. Tidal height correlated positively with dissolved O$_{2}$ and negatively with pCO$_{2}$, CH$_{4}$, total alkalinity (TAlk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and pCO$_{2}$ and CH$_{4}$ were always highly supersaturated (330–1,627 % CO$_{2}$; 339–26,930 % CH$_{4}$). These data are consistent with a tidal pumping response to hydrostatic pressure change. There were no seasonal trends in dissolved CH$_{4}$ but pCO$_{2}$ was around twice as high during the 2005 wet season than at other times, in both the tidal surveys and the inshore transects. Fourfold higher turbidity during the wet season is consistent with elevated net benthic and/or water column heterotrophy via enhanced organic matter inputs from adjacent mangrove forest and/or the flushing of CO$_{2}$-enriched soil waters, which may explain these CO$_{2}$ data. TAlk/DIC relationships in the tidally pumped waters were most consistent with a diagenetic origin of CO$_{2}$ primarily via sulphate reduction, with additional inputs via aerobic respiration. A decrease with salinity for pCO$_{2}$, CH$_{4}$, TAlk and DIC during the inshore transects reflected offshore transport of tidally pumped waters. Estimated mean tidal creek emissions were ∼23–173 mmol m$^{−2}$ day$^{−1}$ CO$_{2}$ and ∼0.11–0.47 mmol m$^{−2}$ day$^{−1}$ CH$_{4}$. The CO$_{2}$ emissions are typical of mangrove-associated waters globally, while the CH$_{4}$ emissions fall at the low end of the published range. Scaling to the creek open water area (2,700 km$^{2}$) gave total annual creek water emissions ∼3.6–9.2 × 10$^{10}$ mol CO$_{2}$ and 3.7–34 × 10$^{7}$ mol CH$_{4}$. We estimated emissions from contiguous inshore waters at ∼1.5 × 10$^{11}$ mol CO$_{2}$ year$^{−1}$ and 2.6 × 10$^{8}$ mol CH$_{4}$ year$^{−1}$, giving total emissions of ∼1.9 × 10$^{11}$ mol CO$_{2}$ year$^{−1}$ and ∼3.0 × 10$^{8}$ mol CH$_{4}$ year$^{−1}$ from a total area of mangrove-influenced water of ∼3 × 10$^{4}$ km$^{2}$. Evaluating such emissions in a range of mangrove environments is important to resolving the greenhouse gas balance of mangrove ecosystems globally. Future such studies should be integral to wider quantitative process studies of the mangrove carbon balance. |
| Starting Page | 381 |
| Ending Page | 398 |
| Page Count | 18 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 15592723 |
| Journal | Estuaries |
| Volume Number | 37 |
| Issue Number | 2 |
| e-ISSN | 15592731 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer US |
| Publisher Date | 2013-08-02 |
| Publisher Place | New York |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Mangrove ecosystems Tidal pumping pCO$_{2}$ CH$_{4}$ O$_{2}$ Talk DIC Emission fluxes Environment Ecology Freshwater & Marine Ecology Environmental Management Coastal Sciences Water and Health |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Ecology Aquatic Science Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics |
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