NDLI: Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Nutrients, Phytoplankton Biomass, and Dissolved Oxygen in Deep Bay, Hong Kong

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Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Nutrients, Phytoplankton Biomass, and Dissolved Oxygen in Deep Bay, Hong Kong

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Xu, Jie Yin, Kedong Lee, Joseph H. W. Liu, Hongbin Ho, Alvin Y. T. Yuan, Xiangcheng Harrison, Paul J.
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	Deep Bay is a semienclosed bay that receives sewage from Shenzhen, a fast-growing city in China. NH$_{4}$ is the main N component of the sewage (>50% of total N) in the inner bay, and a twofold increase in NH$_{4}$ and PO$_{4}$ concentrations is attributed to increased sewage loading over the 21-year period (1986–2006). During this time series, the maximum annual average NH$_{4}$ and PO$_{4}$ concentrations exceeded 500 and 39 μM, respectively. The inner bay (Stns DM1 and DM2) has a long residence time and very high nutrient loads and yet much lower phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll (Chl) <10 μg L$^{−1}$ except for Jan, July, and Aug) and few severe long-term hypoxic events (dissolved oxygen (DO) generally >2 mg L$^{−1}$) than expected. Because it is shallow (~2 m), phytoplankton growth is likely limited by light due to mixing and suspended sediments, as well as by ammonium toxicity, and biomass accumulation is reduced by grazing, which may reduce the occurrence of hypoxia. Since nutrients were not limiting in the inner bay, the significant long-term increase in Chl a (0.52–0.57 μg L$^{−1}$ year$^{−1}$) was attributed to climatic effects in which the significant increase in rainfall (11 mm year$^{−1}$) decreased salinity, increased stratification, and improved water stability. The outer bay (DM3 to DM5) has a high flushing rate (0.2 day$^{−1}$), is deeper (3 to 5 m), and has summer stratification, yet there are few large algal blooms and hypoxic events since dilution by the Pearl River discharge in summer, and the invasion of coastal water in winter is likely greater than the phytoplankton growth rate. A significant long-term increase in NO$_{3}$ (0.45–0.94 μM year$^{−1}$) occurred in the outer bay, but no increasing trend was observed for SiO$_{4}$ or PO$_{4}$, and these long-term trends in NO$_{3}$, PO$_{4}$, and SiO$_{4}$ in the outer bay agreed with those long-term trends in the Pearl River discharge. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) has approximately doubled from 35–62 to 68–107 μM in the outer bay during the last two decades, and consequently DIN to PO$_{4}$ molar ratios have also increased over twofold since there was no change in PO$_{4}$. The rapid increase in salinity and DO and the decrease in nutrients and suspended solids from the inner to the outer bay suggest that the sewage effluent from the inner bay is rapidly diluted and appears to have a limited effect on the phytoplankton of the adjacent waters beyond Deep Bay. Therefore, physical processes play a key role in reducing the risk of algal blooms and hypoxic events in Deep Bay.
Starting Page	399
Ending Page	416
Page Count	18
File Format	PDF
ISSN	15592723
Journal	Estuaries
Volume Number	33
Issue Number	2
e-ISSN	15592731
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2009-09-26
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Eutrophication Nutrients Phytoplankton biomass Dissolved oxygen Sewage Hong Kong Deep Bay Nature Conservation Environmental Management Freshwater & Marine Ecology Earth Sciences Ecology Environment
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Ecology Aquatic Science Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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