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Journal of Biosciences : Volume 24, Issue 3, September 1999

Journal of Biosciences : Volume 24, Issue 2, June 1999

Journal of Biosciences : Volume 24, Issue 1, Supplement,March 1999

Journal of Biosciences : Volume 24, Issue 1, March 1999

Journal of Biosciences : Volume 23

Journal of Biosciences : Volume 22

Gene expression and pattern formation during early embryonic development in amphibians

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Grunz, Horst
Copyright Year	1999
Abstract	Temporal and spatial gene expression and inductive interactions control the establishment of the body plan during embryogenesis in invertebrates and vertebrates. The best-studied vertebrate model system is the amphibian embryo. Seventy-five years after the famous organizer experiment of Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold in 1924 our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the multi-step formation of embryonic axis has substantially improved. Although in the 30s and 40s the interest of many laboratories was focussed on neural induction (determination of the central nervous system), only crude factors from so-called heterogeneous inducers (liver, bone marrow, etc.,) could be isolated by the traditional biochemical techniques available at this time. An important breakthrough was the characterization and purification of a mesoderm inducing factor, the so-called vegetalizing factor (homologous to Activin) in highly purified from chicken embryos. Much later after the introduction of molecular techniques Vgl and Activin (both belonging to the TGF-β family) and FGFs could be identified as important factors for mesoderm formation. It was in the 90s that secreted neuralizing factors (chordin, noggin, follistatin and cerberus) could be detected, which are expressed at the dorsal side of the early embryo including the Spemann organizer. In contrast to the classical view, these proteins act as antagonists to factors like BMP-4 localized on the ventral side. Of special interest was the fact that inDrosophila sog, homologous to chordin, determines the ventral side, whiledpp, homologous toBMP-4, participates in the formation of the dorsal side. These data of evolutionary conserved genes in both invertebrates and vertebrates support the view that they are descendents of common ancestors, the urbilateralia, living around 300 million years ago. The expression of those genes coding for secreted proteins is closely related to inductive interactions between cells and germ layers. Recently it was shown that planar signals are not sufficient to generate a specific anterior/posterior pattern during the primary steps of neural induction, i.e., formation of the central nervous system in amphibians.
Starting Page	515
Ending Page	528
Page Count	14
File Format	PDF
ISSN	02505991
Journal	Journal of Biosciences
Volume Number	24
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	09737138
Language	English
Publisher	Springer India
Publisher Date	1999-01-01
Publisher Institution	Indian Academy of Sciences
Publisher Place	New Delhi
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Genetic control pattern formation evolution Xenopus laevis induction organ engineering Life Sciences Biomedicine general Zoology Plant Sciences Microbiology Cell Biology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Medicine Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Agricultural and Biological Sciences

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