NDLI: Korean Red Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb1/-Rg1 Alleviate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing Th1 and Th17 Cells and Upregulating Regulatory T Cells

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Lee, Min Jung Jang, Minhee Choi, Jonghee Chang, Byung Soo Kim, Do Young Kim, Sung Hoon Kwak, Yi Seong Oh, Seikwan Lee, Jong Hwan Chang, Byung Joon Nah, Seung Yeol Cho, Ik Hyun
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	The effects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) on autoimmune disorders of the nervous system are not clear. We investigated whether KRGE has a beneficial effect on acute and chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pretreatment (daily from 10 days before immunization with myelin basic protein peptide) with KRGE significantly attenuated clinical signs and loss of body weight and was associated with the suppression of spinal demyelination and glial activation in acute EAE rats, while onset treatment (daily after the appearance of clinical symptoms) did not. The suppressive effect of KRGE corresponded to the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin [IL]-1β), chemokines (RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 [MCP-1], and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α [MIP-1α]), adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [ICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1], and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule [PECAM-1]), and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the spinal cord after immunization. Interestingly, in acute EAE rats, pretreatment with KRGE significantly reduced the population of CD4$^{+}$, CD4$^{+}$/IFN-γ$^{+}$, and CD4$^{+}$/IL-17$^{+}$ T cells in the spinal cord and lymph nodes, corresponding to the downregulation of mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-23 in the spinal cord. On the other hand, KRGE pretreatment increased the population of CD4$^{+}$/Foxp3$^{+}$ T cells in the spinal cord and lymph nodes of these rats, corresponding to the upregulation of mRNA expression of Foxp3 in the spinal cord. Interestingly, intrathecal pretreatment of rats with ginsenosides (Rg1 and Rb1) significantly decreased behavioral impairment. These results strongly indicate that KRGE has a beneficial effect on the development and progression of EAE by suppressing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 T cells and upregulating regulatory T cells. Additionally, pre- and onset treatment with KRGE alleviated neurological impairment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein$_{35–55}$-induced mouse model of chronic EAE. These results warrant further investigation of KRGE as preventive or therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis.
Starting Page	1977
Ending Page	2002
Page Count	26
File Format	PDF
ISSN	08937648
Journal	Molecular Neurobiology
Volume Number	53
Issue Number	3
e-ISSN	15591182
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2015-04-07
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Korean red ginseng Ginsenosides Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis T cell Neurosciences Neurobiology Cell Biology Neurology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Neurology Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

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