NDLI: Aldose Reductase Regulates Microglia/Macrophages Polarization Through the cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Zhang, Qian Bian, Ganlan Chen, Peng Liu, Ling Yu, Caiyong Liu, Fangfang Xue, Qian Chung, Sookja K. Song, Bing Ju, Gong Wang, Jian
Copyright Year	2014
Abstract	Inflammatory reactions are the most critical pathological processes occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). Activated microglia/macrophages have either detrimental or beneficial effects on neural regeneration based on their functional polarized M1/M2 subsets. However, the mechanism of microglia/macrophage polarization to M1/M2 at the injured spinal cord environment remains unknown. In this study, wild-type (WT) or aldose reductase (AR)-knockout (KO) mice were subjected to SCI by a spinal crush injury model. The expression pattern of AR, behavior tests for locomotor activity, and lesion size were assessed at between 4 h and 28 days after SCI. We found that the expression of AR is upregulated in microglia/macrophages after SCI in WT mice. In AR KO mice, SCI led to smaller injury lesion areas compared to WT. AR deficiency-induced microglia/macrophages induce the M2 rather than the M1 response and promote locomotion recovery after SCI in mice. In the in vitro experiments, microglia cell lines (N9 or BV$_{2}$) were treated with the AR inhibitor (ARI) fidarestat. AR inhibition caused 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) accumulation, which induced the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) to promote Arg1 expression. KG501, the specific inhibitor of phosphorylated CREB, could cancel the upregulation of Arg1 by ARI or HNE stimulation. Our results suggest that AR works as a switch which can regulate microglia by polarizing cells to either the M1 or the M2 phenotype under M1 stimulation based on its states of activity. We suggest that inhibiting AR may be a promising therapeutic method for SCI in the future.
Starting Page	662
Ending Page	676
Page Count	15
File Format	PDF
ISSN	08937648
Journal	Molecular Neurobiology
Volume Number	53
Issue Number	1
e-ISSN	15591182
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2014-12-19
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Aldose reductase Spinal cord injury Locomotor recovery Microglia/macrophages M1/M2 polarization cAMP response element-binding protein Neurosciences Neurobiology Cell Biology Neurology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Neurology Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

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