NDLI: Effects of Opioid Tolerance and Withdrawal on the Immune System

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Eisenstein, Toby K. Rahim, Rahil T. Feng, Pu Thingalaya, Nita K. Meissler, Joseph J.
Copyright Year	2006
Abstract	Review of the robust literature using acute drug injection paradigms points clearly to the conclusion that morphine is immunosuppressive. In contrast, studies of the effect of subacute or chronic administration of morphine on immune function is limited, with variable results. In some cases tolerance to the immunosuppressive effects of the drug is clearly demonstrated, but in other cases, selected immune parameters do not demonstrate tolerance. Discrepancies in findings may result from differences in species or route and manner of drug administration. Even fewer studies (total of 10) have been published on the effects of withdrawal on immune function. Most immune parameters tested are suppressed following drug withdrawal. Recovery time to baseline response levels varies in the studies. In the single report of withdrawal in humans, immune function was suppressed for up to 3 years. It is clearly established that withdrawal suppresses capacity of murine spleen cells to make an ex vivo antibody response, which contrasts with evidence of polarization of the lymphocytes towards a Th2 phenotype. Several laboratories have shown that subacute and chronic exposure to morphine, as well as drug withdrawal, sensitize to the lethal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Underlying sepsis, combined with morphine-induced hypofunction of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, may be occult variables modulating immune responses during opioid administration and withdrawal. As episodes of withdrawal are common among drug abusers, more intensive investigation is warranted on the effects of withdrawal on immune function, on mechanisms of immune modulation, and on sensitization to infection.
Starting Page	237
Ending Page	249
Page Count	13
File Format	PDF
ISSN	15571890
Journal	Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
Volume Number	1
Issue Number	3
e-ISSN	15571904
Language	English
Publisher	Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Publisher Date	2006-05-23
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	opioids tolerance withdrawal immune responses review Cell Biology Virology Pharmacology/Toxicology Neurosciences Immunology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Neuroscience Immunology and Allergy Pharmacology Immunology

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
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3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
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