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SIMS U-Pb dating of rutile within eclogitic xenoliths in the Early Cretaceous adakitic rocks of the Xuzhou-Huaibei area, China: Constraints on the timing of crustal thickening of the eastern North China Craton

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Integrated research methods in watershed science

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Integrated research methods in watershed science

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Cheng, GuoDong Li, Xin
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	We discuss the concepts, research methods, and infrastructure of watershed science. A watershed is a basic unit and possesses all of the complexities of the land surface system, thereby making it the best unit for practicing Earth system science. Watershed science is an Earth system science practiced on a watershed scale, and it has developed rapidly over the previous two decades. The goal of watershed science is to understand and predict the behavior of complex watershed systems and support the sustainable development of watersheds. However, watershed science confronts the difficulties of understanding complex systems, achieving scale transformation, and simulating the co-evolution of the human-nature system. These difficulties are fundamentally methodological challenges. Therefore, we discuss the research methods of watershed science, which include the self-organized complex system method, the upscaling method dominated by statistical mechanics, Darwinian approaches based on selection and evolutionary principles, hydro-economic and eco-economic methods that emphasize the human-nature system co-evolution, and meta-synthesis for addressing unstructured problems. These approaches together can create a bridge between holism and reductionism and work as a group of operational methods to combine hard and soft integrations and capture all aspects of both natural and human systems. These methods will contribute to the maturation of watershed science and to a methodology that can be used throughout land-surface systems science.
Starting Page	1159
Ending Page	1168
Page Count	10
File Format	PDF
ISSN	16747313
Journal	Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences
Volume Number	58
Issue Number	7
e-ISSN	18691897
Language	English
Publisher	Science China Press
Publisher Date	2015-04-24
Publisher Place	Beijing
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	watershed science land-surface system science Earth system science self-organized complex system scale Darwinian theory human-nature system co-evolution meta-synthesis macro science Earth Sciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences

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