NDLI: Remediation of the unsaturated zone of NAPL-polluted low permeability soils with steam injection: an experimental study

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Tzovolou, Dimitra N. Aggelopoulos, Christos A. Theodoropoulou, Maria A. Tsakiroglou, Christos D.
Copyright Year	2010
Abstract	Although steam injection has been studied extensively as a potential technology for the remediation of soils polluted by hydrocarbons, there is still an ambiguity concerning the applicability of the method to unsaturated and low permeability soils. The goal of the present work is to identify the dominant mechanisms of pollutant removal and evaluate the effectiveness of steam injection for a mixture of semi-volatile and non-volatile hydrocarbons, and the unsaturated zone of low permeability soils. Such information is helpful for the interpretation of the results from relevant field-scale experiments.An unsaturated and low permeability soil is polluted with a synthetic light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) which is a mixture of non-volatile and semi-volatile hydrocarbons: n-dodecane (n-C12), n-decane (n-C10), 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylcyclohexane. The soil is packed in a tank (0.5 m × 0.55 m × 0.12 m) of poly-methyl-methacrylate, and two lenses of coarse-grained sand act as high-permeability hydraulic fractures, with the steam being injected through the lower one and effluent (water/non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)/gas) being extracted from the upper one. After the completion of the test, a great number of soil samples are analyzed with gas chromatography–flame ionization detection to map the spatial distribution of the concentration of NAPL-compounds and evaluate the NAPL-removal efficiency.The condensation of water in the pores of unsaturated soil may block the upward convective steam flow and alters locally the pore structure of the soil by creating high-permeability pathways. Thanks to these pathways, the upward flow of steam at high rates sweeps the vapors of NAPL (steam stripping) formed at temperatures lower than 100°C (steam distillation). The NAPL removal efficiency is satisfactory but non-uniform throughout the soil and is maximized in areas dominated by preferential flow paths and for the most volatile compounds.In the unsaturated zone of a low-permeability soil, the removal of LNAPL with steam injection is enhanced in areas dominated by high-permeability preferential flow paths. The vaporization of semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds at temperatures lower than 100°C (steam distillation) coupled with steam stripping are the dominant mechanisms of LNAPL remediation.
Starting Page	72
Ending Page	81
Page Count	10
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14390108
Journal	Journal of Soils and Sediments
Volume Number	11
Issue Number	1
e-ISSN	16147480
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2010-07-09
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Hydraulic fracture Non-aqueous phase liquid Soil remediation Steam distillation Steam injection Thermal treatment Environmental Physics Environment Soil Science & Conservation
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Stratigraphy Earth-Surface Processes

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