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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Muñoz, Ivan Flury, Karin Jungbluth, Niels Rigarlsford, Giles Canals, Llorenç Milà King, Henry |
| Copyright Year | 2013 |
| Abstract | Bio-based products are often considered sustainable due to their renewable nature. However, the environmental performance of products needs to be assessed considering a life cycle perspective to get a complete picture of potential benefits and trade-offs. We present a life cycle assessment of the global commodity ethanol, produced from different feedstock and geographical origin. The aim is to understand the main drivers for environmental impacts in the production of bio-based ethanol as well as its relative performance compared to a fossil-based alternative.Ethanol production is assessed from cradle to gate; furthermore, end-of-life emissions are also included in order to allow a full comparison of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, assuming degradation of ethanol once emitted to air from household and personal care products. The functional unit is 1 kg ethanol, produced from maize grain in USA, maize stover in USA, sugarcane in North-East of Brazil and Centre-South of Brazil, and sugar beet and wheat in France. As a reference, ethanol produced from fossil ethylene in Western Europe is used. Six impact categories from the ReCiPe assessment method are considered, along with seven novel impact categories on biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES).GHG emissions per kilogram bio-based ethanol range from 0.7 to 1.5 kg CO$_{2}$ eq per kg ethanol and from 1.3 to 2 kg per kg if emissions at end-of-life are included. Fossil-based ethanol involves GHG emissions of 1.3 kg CO$_{2}$ eq per kg from cradle-to-gate and 3.7 kg CO$_{2}$ eq per kg if end-of-life is included. Maize stover in USA and sugar beet in France have the lowest impact from a GHG perspective, although when other impact categories are considered trade-offs are encountered. BES impact indicators show a clear preference for fossil-based ethanol. The sensitivity analyses showed how certain methodological choices (allocation rules, land use change accounting, land use biomes), as well as some scenario choices (sugarcane harvest method, maize drying) affect the environmental performance of bio-based ethanol. Also, the uncertainty assessment showed that results for the bio-based alternatives often overlap, making it difficult to tell whether they are significantly different.Bio-based ethanol appears as a preferable option from a GHG perspective, but when other impacts are considered, especially those related to land use, fossil-based ethanol is preferable. A key methodological aspect that remains to be harmonised is the quantification of land use change, which has an outstanding influence in the results, especially on GHG emissions. |
| Starting Page | 109 |
| Ending Page | 119 |
| Page Count | 11 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 09483349 |
| Journal | The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment |
| Volume Number | 19 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| e-ISSN | 16147502 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2013-12-05 |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Bioethanol Bio-based Biogenic feedstock LCA Maize Sugarcane Sugar beet Wheat Environment Environmental Economics Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Environmental Chemistry |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Environmental Science |
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