NDLI: Trends in the Neutral and Ionized Upper Atmosphere

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Laštovička, Jan Solomon, Stanley C. Qian, Liying
Copyright Year	2011
Abstract	This article reviews our knowledge of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. These changes are part of complex and comprehensive pattern of long-term trends in the Earth’s atmosphere. They also have practical impact. For example, decreasing thermospheric density causes the lifetime of orbiting space debris to increase, which is becoming a significant threat to important satellite technologies. Since the first paper on upper atmosphere trends was published in 1989, our knowledge has progressed considerably. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases affect the whole atmosphere, not only the troposphere. They cause warming in the troposphere but cooling in the upper atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are not the only driver of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Anthropogenic changes of stratospheric ozone, long-term changes of geomagnetic and solar activity, and other drivers play a role as well, although greenhouse gases appear to be the main driver of long-term trends. This makes the pattern of trends more complex and variable. A consistent, although incomplete, scenario of trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere is presented. Trends in F2-region ionosphere parameters, in mesosphere-lower thermosphere dynamics, and in noctilucent or polar mesospheric clouds, are discussed in more detail. Advances in observational and theoretical analysis have explained some previous discrepancies in this global trend scenario. An important role in trend investigations is played by model simulations, which facilitate understanding of the mechanisms behind the observed trends.
Starting Page	113
Ending Page	145
Page Count	33
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00386308
Journal	Space Science Reviews
Volume Number	168
Issue Number	1-4
e-ISSN	15729672
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publisher Date	2011-06-30
Publisher Place	Dordrecht
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Global change Long-term trends Ionosphere Upper atmosphere Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences Astrophysics and Astroparticles Aerospace Technology and Astronautics Planetology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Astronomy and Astrophysics Space and Planetary Science

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