NDLI: Flaring Rates and the Evolution of Sunspot Group McIntosh Classifications

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	McCloskey, Aoife E. Gallagher, Peter T. Bloomfield, D. Shaun
Copyright Year	2016
Abstract	Sunspot groups are the main source of solar flares, with the energy to power them being supplied by magnetic-field evolution (e.g. flux emergence or twisting/shearing). To date, few studies have investigated the statistical relation between sunspot-group evolution and flaring, with none considering evolution in the McIntosh classification scheme. Here we present a statistical analysis of sunspot groups from Solar Cycle 22, focusing on 24-hour changes in the three McIntosh classification components. Evolution-dependent $\ge \mathrm{C}1.0$ , $\ge \mathrm{M}1.0$ , and $\ge \mathrm{X}1.0$ flaring rates are calculated, leading to the following results: i) flaring rates become increasingly higher for greater degrees of upward evolution through the McIntosh classes, with the opposite found for downward evolution; ii) the highest flaring rates are found for upward evolution from larger, more complex, classes (e.g. Zurich D- and E-classes evolving upward to F-class produce $\ge \mathrm{C}1.0$ rates of $2.66\pm 0.28$ and $2.31 \pm 0.09$ flares per 24 hours, respectively); iii) increasingly complex classes give higher rates for all flare magnitudes, even when sunspot groups do not evolve over 24 hours. These results support the hypothesis that injection of magnetic energy by flux emergence (i.e. increasing in Zurich or compactness classes) leads to a higher frequency and magnitude of flaring.
Starting Page	1711
Ending Page	1738
Page Count	28
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00380938
Journal	Solar Physics
Volume Number	291
Issue Number	6
e-ISSN	1573093X
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publisher Date	2016-06-27
Publisher Place	Dordrecht
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Active regions, structure Flares, forecasting Flares, relation to magnetic field Sunspots, magnetic fields Sunspots, statistics Astrophysics and Astroparticles Atmospheric Sciences Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Astronomy and Astrophysics Space and Planetary Science

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
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