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Differential response of two almond rootstocks to chloride salt mixtures in the growing medium

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Zrig, A. Tounekti, T. BenMohamed, H. Abdelgawad, H. Vadel, A. M. Valero, D. Khemira, H.
Copyright Year	2016
Abstract	It was examined how essential cations, Ca$^{2+}$ and K$^{+}$, can mitigate the toxic effects of NaCl on two different almond species (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) rootstocks, Garnem (GN15) and Bitter Almond. The tree growth parameters (water potential (Ψ$_{w}$), gas exchange, nutrient uptake) and leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content were measured in control and NaCl-treated plants with or without KCl or CaCl$_{2}$ supplements. The addition of CaCl$_{2}$ and KCl to Bitter Almond trees reduced their dry weight, shoot growth and leaf number although net photosynthetic assimilation rate (A) was not affected. These results indicated that changing of photo-assimilates flux to proline and/or soluble sugars synthesis may help to increase leaf Ψ$_{w}$. The Garnem trees also did not respond to the CaCl$_{2}$ and KCl addition indicating that the plants are already getting enough of these two cations (C$^{a2+}$ and K$^{+}$). In both rootstocks, NaCl in the medium reduced growth attributes, Ψ$_{w}$, A, stomatal conductance (g $_{s}$), and leaf Chl content. When CaCl$_{2}$ and KCl fertilizers were added together with NaCl to Bitter Almond trees, leaf K$^{+}$ and Ca$^{2+}$ contents increased while Na$^{+}$ and Cl$^{–}$ decreased leading to higher Ca/Na and K/Na ratios, but shoot growth was not improved and even declined compared to NaCl-treated trees. It appears that the addition of salts further aggravated osmotic stress as indicated by the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in leaf tissues. The addition of KCl or CaCl$_{2}$ to NaCl-treated GN15 trees did not increase A, leaf Ψ$_{w}$, and shoot growth but improved ionic balances as indicated by higher Ca/Na and K/Na ratios. The reduction in A was mainly due to non-stomatal limitations in GN15, possibly due to the degradation of Chl a, unlike Bitter Almond, for which the reduction of A was due to stomata closure. The improvement in ionic balances and water status of Bitter Almond trees in response to addition of KCl or CaCl$_{2}$ was apparently offset by a high sensitivity to Cl$^{–}$; therefore, no-chloride salts should be the preferred forms of fertilizers for this rootstock. Both rootstocks were sensitive to soil salinity and cation supplements were of limited value in mitigating the effect of excessive salt concentrations.
Starting Page	143
Ending Page	151
Page Count	9
File Format	PDF
ISSN	10214437
Journal	Russian Journal of Plant Physiology
Volume Number	63
Issue Number	1
e-ISSN	16083407
Language	English
Publisher	Pleiades Publishing
Publisher Date	2016-02-16
Publisher Place	Moscow
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Prunus amygdalus Garnem Bitter Almond rootstocks proline soluble sugars Ca/Na K/Na cation nutrition salinity Plant Physiology Plant Sciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Plant Science

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